|
CRU
Research Archive
Excerpts
from CRU's Annual Reports 1991-2002 are presented
here. Titles of all articles are available, and
some abstracts, however if you wish to have full-length
articles, you may submit a request by filling out the request form online or sending an email
to CRU identifying the article by its title, authors
and the year it was published. You may view article
titles and abstracts by clicking on the year of
the annual report.
2002
| 2001 | 2000
| 1999
| 1998
| 1997
| 1996
| 1995
| 1994
| 1993
| 1992
| 1991
CRU
Annual Report 2002
Conservation
True to type trees in the ICG,T (L.A. Motilal)
The collaborative CRU/USDA cocoa DNA fingerprinting
project: progress report (M. Boccara, D.R. Butler,
L.A. Motilal, A. Sankar, F.L. Bekele)
Characterisation
Characterisation of accessions from the International
Cocoa Genebank, Trinidad for some traits of economic
interest (F.L. Bekele, G. Bidaisee, W. Mollineau
and N. Persad)
Evaluation
Field resistance of cocoa to Witches' Broom and
Black Pod diseases (J-M. Thévenin, R. Umaharan,
B.M. Latchman and S. Surujdeo-Maharaj)
Mass screening for resistance to Witches' Broom
disease under greenhouse conditions (R. Umaharan,
J-M. Thévenin, Y. Mosca and J. Bhola)
Development of an optimised inoculation method to
identify resistance to Witches' Broom disease in
cacao (S. Surujdeo-Maharaj)
Utilisation
Enhancing cacao germplasm for resistance to Black
Pod disease (A.D. Iwaro and V. Singh)
A holistic approach to cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.)
quality assessment (D.A. Sukha, S.M. Bharath,
S.S. Straker and D.R. Butler)
Publications and Presentations
Conferences and Workshops
Papers presented
Butler, D.R. and Sukha, D.A. (2002). The future
of cocoa in Caribbean agriculture. Presented at
the Agricultural Diversification Workshop, 17-18
January 2002, St. Augustine, Trinidad.
Posters presented
Motilal, L.A. (2002) Biotechnological solutions
for Caribbean problems. Presented at Sci-TechKnoFest
2002, 12-21 April 2002, Centre of Excellence, Macoya,
Trinidad.
Published papers
Bekele, F.L., Iwaro, A.D. and Butler, D.R. (2002)
Potential value of cacao germplasm at the International
Cocoa Genebank, Trinidad (ICG,T). Pages 219-228
in: Proceedings of the 13th International Cocoa
Research Conference, Vol. I. 9-14 October, 2000,
Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia. Lagos, Nigeria: COPAL.
Butler, D.R. and Sukha, D.A. (2002) The future of
cocoa in Caribbean agriculture. Pages 56-58 in:
Proceedings of the Workshop on Status and Performance
of Diversification Initiatives of Caribbean States,
17-18 January 2002. St. Augustine, Trinidad: Agriculture
Diversification Programme, Faculty of Agriculture
and Natural Sciences, the University of the West
Indies.
Iwaro, A.D. and Butler, D.R. (2002) Germplasm enhancement
for resistance to black pod and witches' broom diseases.
Pages 3-10 in: Proceedings of the 13th International
Cocoa Research Conference, Vol. I. 9-14 October,
2000, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia. Lagos, Nigeria: COPAL.
Motilal L.A., Sounigo O., Thévenin J-M., Risterucci
A-M., Pieretti I., Noyer J-L. and Lanaud C. (2002)
Theobroma cacao L. : Genome map and QTLs for Phytophthora
palmivora resistance. Pages 111-117 in: Proceedings
of the 13th International Cocoa Research Conference,
Vol. I. 9-14 October, 2000, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia.
Lagos, Nigeria: COPAL.
Sounigo O., Ramdahin S. and Christopher Y. (2002)
Etude de la diversité génétique du cacaoyer à l'aide
des RAPD. Pages 119-125 in: Proceedings of the 13th
International Cocoa Research Conference, Vol. I.
9-14 October, 2000, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia. Lagos,
Nigeria: COPAL.
Sukha, D.A. and Butler D.R. (2002) Cocoa flavour
research in Trinidad: recent developments. Pages
879-885 in: Proceedings of the 13th International
Cocoa Research Conference, Vol. II. 9-14 October,
2000, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia. Lagos, Nigeria: COPAL.
Surujdeo-Maharaj, S., Iwaro, A.D. and Umaharan,
P. (2002) Assessment of genotype-isolate interaction
in resistance of cacao to Phytophthora palmivora.
Pages 473-480 in: Proceedings of the 13th International
Cocoa Research Conference, Vol. I. 9-14 October,
2000, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia. Lagos, Nigeria: COPAL.
Newsletter Articles
Iwaro, A.D., Bekele, F.L. and Butler, D.R. (2002)
Utilisation of cacao genetic resources at the International
Cocoa Genebank, Trinidad. INGENIC Newsletter 7:
22-24.
Motilal, L.A., Butler, D.R. and Mooleedhar, V. (2002)
Verification in global cacao germplasm collections.
INGENIC Newsletter 7: 4-8.
Sukha, D.A. (2002) Training in chemical analysis
of cocoa beans at CIRAD - Montpellier, France. Faculty
of Science and Agriculture Newsletter 2: 9.
Sukha, D.A. (2002) Cocoa Research at the Marché
aux chocolates 2001 - Paris. Faculty of Science
and Agriculture Newsletter 2: 11.
Other Reports
Motilal, L.A. (2002) Molecular Approach to crop
improvement. Brochure for distribution at Sci-TechKnoFest
2002, 12-21 April 2002, Centre of Excellence, Macoya,
Trinidad.
Sukha, D.A. and Mujaffar, S. (2002). Value added
products from cocoa processing - Options for development.
In: Report of the Ministerial Committee for the
Revitalisation of the cocoa industry in Trinidad
and Tobago, September 2002. Port of Spain, Trinidad.
Return to TOP
CRU
Annual Report 2001
Conservation
Transfer of LCT EEN
clones from Ecuador to Barbados (V. Mooleedhar
and D.R. Butler)
Tree identification within the ICG, T (Lambert
A. Motilal)
Sampling strategies for DNA Extraction in the USDA
fingerprinting project (M. Boccara, E.S. Johnson,
D.R. Butler, F.L. Bekele, L.A. Motilal, A. Sankar,
O. Sounigo, C. O'Connor and C. Williams)
Characterisation
Morphological Variation
in a sample of germplasm from the International
Cocoa Genebank, Trinidad (F. Bekele, G. Bidaisee
and W. Mollineau)
Evaluation
Evaluation of accessions
in the International Cocoa Genebank, Trinidad (ICG,T)
for resistance to Phytophthora pod rot (A.D.
Iwaro, V. Singh and N.K. Jugmohan)
Evaluation of cocoa germplasm for resistance to
Witches' Broom disease (R. Umaharan, J-M. Thevenin
and S. Surujdeo-Maharaj)
Utilisation
Progress report on germplasm
enhancement for resistance to Black Pod disease
(A.D. Iwaro, V. Singh and N.K. Jugmohan)
Flavour profiles for selected cacao (Theobroma
cacao L.) accessions (D.A. Sukha, D.R. Butler,
C. Bowen-O'Connor and S.S. Straker)
Preliminary results from chemical analyses of selected
cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) accessions - training
experiences at CIRAD (D.A> Sukha, E. Cros, S.
Assemat, F. Davrieux and D.R. Butler)
Publications and Presentations
Conferences and Workshops
Papers presented
Bekele, F.L., Bidaisee, G. and Mollineau, W. Morphological
characterisation of the International Cocoa Genebank
Trinidad at the Cocoa Research Unit. Presented at
the Regional Technical Meeting of the CFC/ICCO/IPGRI
Project on: Cocoa Utilisation and Conservation -
a Global Approach. 5-9 February, 2001, St. Augustine,
Trinidad.
Bharath, S. and Iwaro, A.D. Pre-breeding for resistance
to Black Pod disease of cacao. Presented at the
31st Annual Conference of the Caribbean Food Crop
Society. 16-20 July, 2001, Port-of-Spain, Trinidad.
Butler, D.R., Iwaro, A.D. and Thévenin, J-M. Germplasm
enhancement for Witches' Broom resistance at CRU.
Presented at the Regional Technical Meeting of the
CFC/ICCO/IPGRI Project on: Cocoa Utilisation and
Conservation - a Global Approach. 5-9 February,
2001, St. Augustine, Trinidad.
Iwaro, A.D. and Singh, V. Phytophthora resistance
evaluation in the laboratory. Presented at the Regional
Technical Meeting of the CFC/ICCO/IPGRI Project
on: Cocoa Utilisation and Conservation - a Global
Approach. 5-9 February, 2001, St. Augustine, Trinidad.
Iwaro, A.D., Bharath, S. and Jugmohan, N. Germplasm
Enhancement for resistance to Phytophthora pod rot.
Presented at the Regional Technical Meeting of the
CFC/ICCO/IPGRI Project on: Cocoa Utilisation and
Conservation - a Global Approach. 5-9 February,
2001, St. Augustine, Trinidad.
Iwaro, A.D, Bekele, F. L. and Butler, D.R. Utilisation
of cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) germplasm at the International
Cocoa Genebank, Trinidad. Presented at The International
Conference on the Future of Perennial Crops: Investment
and Sustainability in the Humid Tropics. 5-9 November,
2001, Yamoussoukro, Côte d'Ivoire.
Motilal, L.A., Sounigo, O., Butler, D.R. and Mooleedhar,
V. Misidentification within global cacao germplasm
collections. Paper presented at the 4th International
Plant tissue Culture Conference 2001, 1st-3rd November
2001, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Motilal, L.A., Sounigo, O., Butler, D.R. and Mooleedhar,
V. Verification Issues in Global Cacao Germplasm
Collections. Paper presented at BioCaT' 2001, the
2nd Caribbean Plant Biotechnology Workshop, 17-19
October, 2001, Bayamo, Cuba.
Sounigo, O. and Sankar, A. Evaluation and use of
the genetic diversity present in the International
Cocoa Genebank (ICG,T), in Trinidad. Presented at
the Regional Technical Meeting of the CFC/ICCO/IPGRI
Project on: Cocoa Utilisation and Conservation -
a Global Approach. 5-9 February, 2001, St. Augustine,
Trinidad.
Sounigo, O., Iwaro, A.D., Thévenin, J-M. and Bekele,
F.L. Identification of candidate clones for the
CFC/ICCO/IPGRI project collection. Presented at
the Regional Technical Meeting of the CFC/ICCO/IPGRI
Project on: Cocoa Utilisation and Conservation -
a Global Approach. 5-9 February, 2001, St. Augustine,
Trinidad.
Thévenin, J-M., Latchman, B., Umaharan, R. and Surujdeo-Maharaj,
S. Field assessment of cocoa germplasm for resistance
to Black Pod disease. Presented at the Regional
Technical Meeting of the CFC/ICCO/IPGRI Project
on: Cocoa Utilisation and Conservation - a Global
Approach. 5-9 February, 2001, St. Augustine, Trinidad.
Thévenin, J-M., Umaharan, R., Surujdeo-Maharaj,
S. and Latchman, B. Evaluation of cocoa resistance
to Witches' Broom disease. Presented at the Regional
Technical Meeting of the CFC/ICCO/IPGRI Project
on: Cocoa Utilisation and Conservation - a Global
Approach. 5-9 February, 2001, St. Augustine, Trinidad.
Posters presented
Sukha, D.A. and Sounigo, O. A brief overview of
the cocoa culture in Trinidad and the activities
of the Cocoa Research Unit. Poster presented at
the Marché aux chocolats. 20-21 October 2001, Bourse
de Commerce, Paris, France.
Published papers
Bandyopadhyay, R., Butler, D.R., Reddy, R.K.,
and Navi, S.S. (2001) Use of information on epidemiology
for the management of grain mold in sorghum. Page
120 in: Book of abstracts for the 8th international
workshop on plant disease epidemiology, 6-11 May,
Ouro Preto, Brazil.
Butler, D.R. (2001) Introductions and workshop objectives.
Pages 1-2 in: Proceedings of the workshop to establish
working procedures for the project to establish
the physical, chemical and organoleptic parameters
to differentiate between fine and bulk cocoa. 31
January - 2 February 2001, Trincity, Trinidad. St.
Augustine, Trinidad: Cocoa Research Unit, the University
of the West Indies.
Butler, D.R. (2001) Project information and overview.
Pages 22-26 in: Proceedings of the Workshop to establish
working procedures for the project to establish
the physical, chemical and organoleptic parameters
to differentiate between fine and bulk cocoa. 31
January - 2 February 2001, Trincity, Trinidad. St.
Augustine, Trinidad: Cocoa Research Unit, the University
of the West Indies.
Motilal, L.A., and Mooleedhar, V. (2001) The role
of CRU's cacao quarantine facility in the assembly
of cacao germplasm. Pages 1-6 in: Proceedings of
INCOPED 3rd International Seminar on cocoa pests
and diseases, 16-17 October 2000, Kota Kinabalu,
Sabah, Malaysia: INCOPED.
Sounigo, O., Christopher, Y. Bekele, F., Mooleedhar,
V., and Hosein, F. (2001) The detection of mislabelled
trees in the International Cocoa Genebank (ICG,T)
and options for a global strategy for identification
of accessions. Pages 34-39 in: Proceedings of the
international workshop on new technologies and cocoa
breeding (Bekele, F., End, M. and Eskes, A.B., Eds).
16- 17 October 2000, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia:
INGENIC.
Sounigo, O., Christopher, Y., Ramadahin, S., Umaharan,
R. and Sankar, A. (2001) Evaluation and use of genetic
diversity present in the International Cocoa Genebank
(ICG,T), in Trinidad. Pages 65-71 in: Proceedings
of the international workshop on new technologies
and cocoa breeding (Bekele, F., End, M. and Eskes,
A.B., Eds), 16- 17 October 2000, Kota Kinabalu,
Sabah, Malaysia: INGENIC.
Sukha, D.A. (2001) Strategy for the post harvest
processing of samples. Pages 41-43 in: Proceedings
of the workshop to establish working procedures
for the project to establish the physical, chemical
and organoleptic parameters to differentiate between
fine and bulk cocoa. 31 January - 2 February 2001,
Trincity, Trinidad. St. Augustine, Trinidad: Cocoa
Research Unit, the University of the West Indies.
Sukha, D.A. (2001) Strategy for the organoleptic
assessment. Pages 44-48 in: Proceedings of the workshop
to establish working procedures for the project
to establish the physical, chemical and organoleptic
parameters to differentiate between fine and bulk
cocoa. 31 January - 2 February 2001, Trincity, Trinidad.
St. Augustine, Trinidad: Cocoa Research Unit, the
University of the West Indies.
Newsletter Articles
Sukha, D.A. (2001). The "Save a Tree" campaign
launch at the International Festival of chocolate.
Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Sciences Newsletter
(1):19.
Sukha, D.A. (2001). Continuing fermentation, drying
and flavour studies at CRU. Faculty of Agriculture
and Natural Sciences Newsletter (1):18.
Journal Articles and Book Chapters
Bandyopadhyay, R., Little, C.R., Waniska, R.D.,
and Butler, D.R. (2001) Sorghum grain mold: Through
the 1990s into the new millennium. Presented in
Global 2000: Sorghum and Pearl Millet Diseases III,
23-30 September, Guanajuato, Mexico. [In press as
a chapter of a book being published by the Iowa
State University Press].
Surujdeo-Maharaj, S., Umaharan, P. and Iwaro, A.D.
(2001). A study of genotype-isolate interaction
in cacao (Theobroma cacao L.): resistance of cacao
genotypes to isolates of Phytophthora palmivora.
Euphytica 118: 295-303.
Conferences and Workshops attended
Lambert Motilal
Workshop on Novel Genetic Markers for Crop Improvement,
4-13 November 2001, University of Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Medical Informatics. A Workshop held during the
conference "Health Sciences in the Caribbean in
the New Millennium". 10-13 January 2001, Faculty
of Medical Sciences, University of The West Indies,
Mt. Hope, Trinidad and Tobago.
Publications edited
Frances Bekele
INGENIC Newsletter Issue 6, August 2001.
Proceedings of the international workshop on new
technologies and cocoa breeding. 16-17 October 2000,
Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia: INGENIC, 2001.
David Butler and Darin Sukha
Proceedings of the workshop to establish working
procedures for the project to establish the physical,
chemical and organoleptic parameters to differentiate
between fine and bulk cocoa. 31 January - 2 February
2001, Trincity, Trinidad. St. Augustine, Trinidad:
Cocoa Research Unit, the University of the West
Indies.
Return to TOP
CRU Annual Report 2000
Conservation
Verification
of clonal accessions in the ICG,T using RAPD and
SSR analyses (L.A. Motilal, O. Sounigo, G.
Briggs and A. Sankar)
Characterisation
Morphological
characterisation of germplasm from the ICG,T: highlights
of recent findings (F.L. Bekele, G.G. Bidaisee
and W.M. Mollineau )
Genetic
diversity assessment using RAPD (O. Sounigo,
S. Ramdahin and A. Sankar)
Evaluation
Evaluation
of cocoa germplasm for resistance to Witches' Broom
disease (R. Umaharan, J-M. Thévenin and S.
Surujdeo-Maharaj)
Germplasm
evaluation at the International Cocoa Genebank, Trinidad
for resistance to Phytophthora pod rot
(A.D. Iwaro, V. Singh, S. Bharath and N. Jugmohan)
Utilisation
Germplasm
enhancement for resistance to Black Pod disease
(A.D. Iwaro, V. Singh, S. Bharath and N. Jugmohan)
Sensory
evaluations of roasting temperature and fermentation
time effects on selected cacao (Theobroma cacao
L.) varieties (D.A. Sukha, D. R. Butler and
C. Shripat) Publications
and Presentations
Conferences and Workshops
Papers presented
Bandyopadhyay, R., Little, C.R., Waniska, R.D.,
and Butler, D.R. 2000. Sorghum grain mold: Through
the 1990s into the new millennium. Presented at
Global 2000: Sorghum and Pearl Millet Diseases III.
23-30 September, Guanajuato, Mexico.
Butler, D.R. 2000. Research on a sustainable cocoa
economy in Latin America and the Caribbean. Presented
at the 10th meeting of the Advisory Group on the
World Cocoa Economy. 10-14 April 2000, Santo Domingo,
Dominican Republic.
Butler, D.R. 2000. Sorghum grain mold and weather
relationships. Presented at the Consultative group
meeting on technical and institutional options for
sorghum grain mold management. 18-19 May 2000. ICRISAT,
Patancheru, India.
Butler, D.R. 2000. The need for unequivocal characterisation
of cocoa germplasm. Presented at the BCCCA Cocoa
Research Colloquium - Germplasm characterisation
using molecular tools. 21 September 2000, CIRAD,
Montpellier, France.
Iwaro, A.D. and Butler, D.R. 2000. Germplasm enhancement
for resistance to black pod and witches' broom diseases.
Presented at the 13th International Cocoa Research
Conference. 9-14 October 2000, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia.
Motilal L.A., Sounigo O., Thévenin J-M., Risterucci
A-M., Pieretti I., Noyer J-L. and Lanaud C. Theobroma
cacao L. : Genome map and QTLs for Phytophthora
palmivora resistance. Presented at the 13th International
Cocoa Research Conference. 9-14 October 2000, Kota
Kinabalu, Malaysia.
Sounigo O., Ramdahin S. and Christopher Y. Etude
de la diversité génétique du cacaoyer à l'aide des
RAPD. Presented at the 13th International Cocoa
Research Conference. 9-14 October 2000, Kota Kinabalu,
Malaysia.
Sounigo O., Christopher Y., Bekele F., Mooleedhar
V. and Hosein F. The detection of mislabelled trees
in the International Cocoa Genebank, Trinidad (ICG,T).
Presented at the 3rd International Group for Genetic
Improvement of Cocoa (INGENIC) International Workshop
on the New technologies and Cocoa Breeding. 16-17
October 2000, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia.
Sounigo O., Christopher Y., Ramdahin S., Umaharan
R. and Sankar A. Evaluation of the genetic diversity
present in the International Cocoa Genebank (ICG,T)
in Trinidad. Presented at the 3rd International
Group for Genetic Improvement of Cocoa (INGENIC)
International Workshop on the New technologies and
Cocoa Breeding. 16-17 October 2000, Kota Kinabalu,
Malaysia.
Sounigo O., Motilal L., Thévenin J-M., Horwell M.,
., Risterucci A-M., Pieretti I., Noyer J-L. , Grivet
L., and Lanaud C. Cartographie du génôme et recherche
de marqueurs liés à la résistance à Phytophthora
palmivora. Presented at the Scientific Closing Seminar
of the CAOBISCO/CIRAD/CNRA/CRU/IRAD project: Genetic
basis of cocoa tree resistance to Phytophthora diseases.
19-20 September 2000, Montpellier, France.
Sounigo O., Christopher Y., Bekele F., Mooleedhar
V. and Hosein F. The detection of mislabelled trees
in the International Cocoa Genebank, Trinidad (ICG,T).
Presented at the BCCCA Cocoa Research Colloquium
- Germplasm Characterization using Molecular Tools.
21 September 2000, Montpellier, France.
Sukha, D.A. and Butler D.R. 2000. Cocoa flavour
research in Trinidad: recent developments. Presented
at the 13th International Cocoa Research Conference.
9-14 October 2000, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia.
Surujdeo-Maharaj, S., Umaharan, P., and Iwaro, A.D.
Host-pathogen interaction between Theobroma cacao
L. and Phytophthora palmivora. Presented at the
11th NIHERST Conference on Agricultural Research
and Development in Trinidad and Tobago. Meeting
the Challenges for Sustainable Agriculture in a
Competitive Environment. 28-29 November 2000, Rudranath
Capildeo Learning Resource Centre, McBean, Trinidad.
Surujdeo-Maharaj, S., Iwaro, A.D. and Umaharan,
P. Assessment of genotype-isolate interaction in
resistance of cacao to Phytophthora palmivora. Presented
at the 13th International Cocoa Research Conference.
October 9-14 2000, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia.
Thévenin, J-M. and Motilal, L.A. Development of
the leaf test in Trinidad. Presented at the Scientific
Closing Seminar of the CAOBISCO/CIRAD/CNRA/CRU/IRAD
project: Genetic basis of cocoa tree resistance
to Phytophthora diseases. 19-20 September 2000,
Montpellier, France.
Thévenin, J-M., Motilal, L.A., Howell, M.R. and
Sounigo, O. Use of the leaf test for pre breeding
in Trinidad. Presented at the Scientific Closing
Seminar of the CAOBISCO/CIRAD/CNRA/CRU/IRAD project:
Genetic basis of cocoa tree resistance to Phytophthora
diseases. 19-20 September 2000, Montpellier, France.
Posters presented
Bekele, F., Iwaro, A.D. and Butler, D.R. 2000.
Potential value of cacao germplasm at the International
Cocoa Genebank, Trinidad. Poster presented at the
13th International Cocoa Research Conference. 9-14
October 2000, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia.
Doodnath-Umaharan, R. and Umaharan, P. (2000). Hybridisation
studies between Theobroma cacao and the genus Herrania.
3rd International Crop Science Congress 2000. 17-22
August 2000, CCH-Congress Centrum, Hamburg, Germany.
Doodnath-Umaharan, R. Thevénin, J-M., Surujdeo-Maharaj,
S. and Latchman, B. (2000). Evaluation of Theobroma
cacao germplasm at the ICG,T for resistance to Witches'
Broom Disease, using a modified spray inoculation
method. The 11th NIHERST conference on Agricultural
Research and Development in Trinidad and Tobago:
Meeting the Challenges for Sustainable Agriculture
in a Competitive Environment. November 28th-29th
November, 2000. Rudranath Capildeo Learning Resource
Centre, McBean, Trinidad.
Surujdeo-Maharaj, S., Umaharan, P., and Iwaro, A.D.
Host-pathogen interaction between Theobroma cacao
L. and Phytophthora palmivora. Presented at the
11th NIHERST Conference on Agricultural Research
and Development in Trinidad and Tobago. Meeting
the Challenges for Sustainable Agriculture in a
Competitive Environment. 28-29 November, 2000, McBean,
Trinidad.
Published papers
Bandyopadhyay, R., Butler, D.R., Chandreshekar,
A., Reddy, R.K. and Navi, S.S. (2000) Biology, Epidemiology,
and Management of Sorghum Grain Mold. Pages 34-71
in: Technical and institutional options for sorghum
grain mold management: proceedings of an international
consultation. 18-19 May 2000, Patancheru, India.
A. Chandrashekar, R. Bandyopadhyay and A.J. Hall
(eds) Patancheru, India: ICRISAT.
Bekele, F. and Butler, D.R. (2000) Proposed list
of cocoa descriptors for characterisation. Pages
41-48 in: Working procedures for cocoa germplasm
evaluation and selection. Proceedings of the CFC/ICCO/IPGRI
Project Workshop. 1-6 February 1998, Montpellier,
France. A.B. Eskes, J.M.M. Engels and R.A. Lass
(eds) Rome, Italy: International Plant Genetic Resources
Institute.
Iwaro, A.D., Sreenivasan, T.N., Butler, D.R., Thevénin,
J-M., Mooleedhar, V. Bekele, F., Sounigo, S. Umaharan,
P., and Eskes, A. (2000). Strategy for germplasm
enhancement at CRU, Trinidad. Pages 22-28 in: Working
procedures for cocoa germplasm evaluation and selection.
Proceedings of the CFC/ICCO/IPGRI Project Workshop.
1-6 February 1998, Montpellier, France. A.B. Eskes,
J.M.M. Engels and R.A. Lass (eds) Rome, Italy: International
Plant Genetic Resources Institute.
Sounigo O., Christopher Y. and Umaharan R. (2000).
Genetic diversity study of nine cocoa populations
using RAPD. Pages 79-83. in: Proceedings of the
Malaysian International Cocoa Conference : Maximising
Commercial Potential of Cocoa: The Global Perspective.
26-27 November 1998, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. M.T.
Lee, K. Lamin, L. Johnsiul, D.B. Furtek and F.L.
Ening (eds) Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia: Malaysian Cocoa
Board.
Sounigo, O., Mooleedhar, V. Iwaro, A.D., Bekele,
F, Sreenivasan, T.N., Thévenin, J.M., Khan, N. and
Butler, D.R. (2000) Strategy to establish a 'CFC
Project Collection'. Pages 29-37 in: Working procedures
for cocoa germplasm evaluation and selection. Proceedings
of the CFC/ICCO/IPGRI Project Workshop. 1-6 February,
1998, Montpellier, France. A.B. Eskes, J.M.M. Engels
and R.A. Lass (eds) Rome, Italy: International Plant
Genetic Resources Institute.
Journal Articles and Book Chapters
Butler, D.R., Wadia, K.D.R., Reddy, R.K, Das, N.D.,
Johnson, B., Meena Kumari, Krishna Murty, K., Sreenivas,
B. and Srivastava, N.N. (2000) A weather-based scheme
to advise on limited chemical control of groundnut
leaf spot diseases in India. Experimental Agriculture
36: 469-478.
Mooleedhar, V. (2000) Morphological characterisation
and genetic evaluation of a relic Criollo Cacao
(Theobroma cacao L.) population in Belize. PhD Thesis,
The University of the West Indies, Trinidad.
Seminars
Butler, D.R. Cacau de Trinidad: os antecedentes
e posição atual. Seminar presented in the Cocoa
Research Centre (CEPEC), Itabuna, Brazil. July 2000.
Butler, D.R. Comportamento da Vassoura de Bruxa
em Trinidad. Seminar presented in the CEPLAC Regional
Centre, Ilhéus, Brazil. August 2000.
Mooleedhar, V. The domestication of Theobroma cacao
L. in Central America. Faculty of Agriculture and
Natural Sciences Postgraduate Seminar Series. February
2000.
Conferences and Workshops attended
Bekele, F.
Project Planning Workshop of the Cocoa Rehabilitation
Programme for Trinidad and Tobago. 9 12 October
2000, Port-of-Spain, Trinidad. (EDF Project 8ACP
TR 007).
Caribbean Plant Genetic Resources Network Meeting.
21-22 August 2000, Port-of-Spain, Trinidad.
Plant Genetic Resources Documentation and Management
of pcGRIN. 23-25 August 2000, St. Augustine, Trinidad.
Sankar, A.
Tools for developing molecular markers. 21-28 June
2000, Gainesville, Florida.
Vishnarayan Mooleedhar
Technical committee meeting of the Union for the
Protection of New Varieties of Plants (UPOV). 23-25
October 2000, Geneva, Switzerland.
CFC Regional Round Table meeting on Commodity Development
in Latin America and the Caribbean Region. 14-17
August 2000, Guatemala.
Return to TOP
CRU Annual Report
1999
Conservation
Rescuing
the John Allen's Cacao Germplasm located at San
Carlos in Ecuador (V. Mooleedhar)
Characterisation
In search
of interesting phenotypes for cacao breeding in
the new millennium (F. Bekele, G. Bidaisee, V.
Badall , P. Polar and W. Mollineau)
An
Assessment of the Phenotypic Diversity of Cacao
Germplasm in the Commonwealth of Dominica
(F. Bekele, M. James and I. Bekele)
Assessment
of the Genetic Diversity in the ICG,T using RAPD
(O. Sounigo and S. Ramdahin)
Evaluation
Evaluation
of Cacao Germplasm for Resistance to Witches' Broom
Disease (R. Umaharan, J-M. Thévenin, S. Surujdeo-Maharaj,
and B. Latchman)
Field
Assessment of Cacao Germplasm for Resistance to
Witches' Broom and Black Pod Diseases (B. Latchman,
R. Umaharan, S. Surujdeo-Maharaj and J-M. Thévenin)
Mass Screening
for Resistance to Black Pod Disease in the ICG,T
(A.D. Iwaro, V. Singh, and S. Bharath)
Utilisation
Genetic
Advancement in the Germplasm Enhancement Programme
for Resistance to Black Pod disease (A.D. Iwaro,
V. Singh, and S. Bharath)
Theobroma
cacao L.: Genome Linkage Map and QTLs for Phytophthora
palmivora Resistance (L.A. Motilal and O. Sounigo)
Publications and Presentations
Conferences and Workshops
Papers presented
Butler, D.R. Current research at the International
Cocoa Genebank, Trinidad. Presented at the USDA-CABI-ACRI
collaborative cocoa research review meeting. 7-8
December 1999, London, UK.
Posters presented
Sukha, D. A. (1999) The International Cocoa Genebank,
Trinidad and Cocoa Research Activities at U.W.I..
Twelfth Caribbean Conference of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering. St. Augustine, Trinidad. March 29th-April
1st, 1999. Department of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering. The University of the West Indies,
St. Augustine, Trinidad.
Published papers
Bekele, F.L. (1999) The role of germplasm characterization
and preliminary evaluation in cocoa improvement.
Pages 18-26 in: Proceedings of Agriculture in the
Caribbean: Issues and Challenges (UWI Ag. 50). Volume
2. The University of the West Indies 50th Anniversary
Celebrations, St. Augustine, Trinidad, 19-21 August,
1998. Port-of-Spain, Trinidad: The UWI Faculty of
Agriculture and Natural Sciences- CEPAT. Bharath,
S., Phillips, W. and Krauss, U. (1999). Practical
notes on work with Phytophthora species. Pages 123-130
in: Research Methodology in Biocontrol of Plant
Diseases with Special Reference to Fungal Diseases
of Cocoa. Workshop Manual. U. Krauss and P. Hebbar
(eds). 28 June - 4 July 1999. Turrialba, Costa Rica:
CATIE. Iwaro, A.D., Sreenivasan, T. N. and Spence,
J.A. (1999) Studies on Black Pod disease in Trinidad.
Pages 67-74 in: Proceedings of the Workshop on the
Contribution of Disease Resistance to Cocoa Variety
Improvement. 25-26 November, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil:
INGENIC. Iwaro, A.D. Sreenivasan, T.N. Umaharan,
P. and Butler, D.R. (1999). Advances in cocoa breeding
in the Caribbean - strategies for the improvement
of cocoa resistance to Black Pod Disease. Pages
27-32 in: Proceedings of Agriculture in the Caribbean:
Issues and Challenges (UWI Ag. 50). Volume 2. The
University of the West Indies 50th Anniversary Celebrations,
St. Augustine, Trinidad, 19-21 August, 1998. Port-of-Spain,
Trinidad: The UWI Faculty of Agriculture and Natural
Sciences- CEPAT. Sreenivasan, T.N. (1999). A note
on advances in mechanisms for Black Pod control
in the Caribbean. Page 33 in: Proceedings of Agriculture
in the Caribbean: Issues and Challenges (UWI Ag.
50). Volume 2. The University of the West Indies
50th Anniversary Celebrations, St. Augustine, Trinidad,
19-21 August, 1998. Port-of-Spain, Trinidad: The
UWI Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Sciences-
CEPAT.
Journal Articles and Book Chapters
Soria, S de J. and Butler, D.R. (1999) Influence
of daylength and air temperature on flight activity
of Forcipomyia (forcipomyia genualis and F. (euprojoannisia)
spatulifera (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae) in cocoa
plantation, Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil. Entomología y
Vectores, Rio de Janeiro 6: 641-661. Lanaud, C.
Motomayor, J.C. and Sounigo, O. (1999) Le cacaoyer.
Pages 141-173 in: Diversité Génétique des plantes
tropicales. CIRAD. (Hamon, P., Seguin, M. Perrier,
X. and Glaszmann, J.C. Editors) ISBN 2- 87614-334-8.
Seminars
Sukha, D.A. (1999) Heritable flavour traits and
quality of selected cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) genotypes.
PhD. Upgrade Seminar for PhD. in Food Science and
Technology, Civil Engineering Drawing Office, Faculty
of Engineering, 4th November 1999.
Conferences and Workshops attended
Doodnath-Umaharan, R. Agricultural Biotechnology
in Developing Countries: Towards optimising the
benefits of the poor. Organised by the Centre for
Development Research, International Service for
the Acquisition of Agri-biotech Applications, in
collaboration with Hoeechst Schering Agro Evo GmbH
and the German Foundation for International Development
(DSE). November 15-16, 1999, ZEF Bonn, Walter-Flex-Str.
3, Germany.
Return to TOP
CRU Annual Report
1998
Conservation
Enlarging
the Cacao Genepool Conserved at the International
Cocoa Genebank, Trinidad (ICG,T) (V.
Mooleedhar)
Verification
of Accessions in the ICG,T using Botanical Descriptors
and RAPD Analysis
(Y. Christopher, V. Mooleedhar, F. Bekele, and
F. Hosein)
Characterisation
Morphological
Characterisation - Some Characters of Economic Interest
(F. Bekele, G. Bidaisee, and V. Badall)
Assessing Cacao Genetic Diversity Using IE and RAPD
Techniques (O. Sounigo, S. Ramdahin, R.Umaharan,
and Y. Christopher)
Evaluation
Field Assessment
of Cacao Germplasm for Resistance to Witches' Broom
and Black Pod Diseases (J-M. Thévenin, R. Umaharan,
B. Latchman, and S. Surujdeo-Maharaj)
Evaluation of ICG,T
Accessions for Resistance to Black Pod Disease (A.D.Iwaro,
V. Singh, and S. Bharath)
Host-pathogen Interaction
in Cacao Response to P. palmivora (S. Surujdeo-
Maharaj)
Evaluation of Cacao
Germplasm for Resistance to Witches' Broom Disease
(R. Umaharan, J-M Thévenin, S. Surujdeo-Maharaj,
and B. Latchman)
Histopathology of Witches'
Broom Disease (T.N. Sreenivasan)
Utilisation
Germplasm Enhancement
for Resistance to Black Pod and Witches' Broom Diseases
(A.D.Iwaro, V. Singh, and S. Bharath)
Genome Mapping and
Research on Markers linked to Phytophtora Resistance
in Cacao (O. Sounigo and L. Motilal)
Genetic Basis of Resistance
of Cacao to Phytophthora (J-M. Thévenin, L.A.
Motilal, and M. Howell)
Effect of Roasting
Temperatures on the Comparative Sensory Attributes
of Imperial College Selections and West African
Cocoas (D.A. Sukha, J.C. Reneau, and D.R. Butler)
Publications and Presentations
Workshops and Conferences
Second International seminar on diseases and
pests of cocoa. 19-24 January 1998, Yamoussoukro,
Côte d'Ivoire.
Paper presented
Iwaro, A.D. and Sreenivasan, T.N. Utilisation of
the genetic resources at the International Cocoa
Genebank, Trinidad in breeding for disease resistance
in cacao.
CFC/ICCO/IPGRI Project on cocoa germplasm conservation
and utilization - a global approach. 1-7 February
1998, Montpellier, France.
Papers presented
Bekele, F.L. and Butler, D.R. List of cacao descriptors
for characterisation. Working procedures for cocoa
germplasm evaluation and selection.
Eskes, A.B. and Sounigo, O. Population improvement
and conservation approaches in the project.
Iwaro, A.D., Sreenivasan, T.N., and Butler, D.R.
Rapid screening for Phytophthora pod rot resistance
in cacao: detached pod inoculation test.
Iwaro, A. D., Sreenivasan, T.N. Butler, D.R., Thévenin,
J-M., Mooledhar, V., Bekele, F., Sounigo, O., Umaharan,
P. and Eskes, A.B. Strategy for germplasm enhancement
at CRU, Trinidad.
Sounigo, O., Mooledhar, V., Iwaro, A.D., Bekele,
F.L., Sreenivasan, T.N., Thévenin, J-M., Khan, N.,
and Butler, D.R. Proposed strategy for the development
of a 'working collection ' for the CFC project.
CAOBISCO/CIRAD Scientific workshop for project
participants. Use of molecular markers to identify
the genetic basis of resistance to Black Pod disease
(Phytophthora) and identify early screening markers.
25-26 June 1998, Montpellier, France.
Published papers
Sounigo, O., Thévenin, J-M., Ducamp, M., and Motilal,
L.A. Pre-breeding for resistance to Phytophthora.
pp 86-90
Sounigo, O., Thévenin, J-M., and Motilal, L.A. Search
for markers linked to Phytophthora resistance. pp
23-26
Thévenin, J-M. and Motilal, L.A. Contribution towards
the development of Phytophthora resistance assessment
method. pp 9-20
UWI/FANS 50th Anniversary Conference. Agriculture
in the Caribbean: issues and challenges. 19-21 August
1998, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Sciences,
The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine,
Trinidad and Tobago.
Papers presented
Bekele, F.L. The role of germplasm characterization
and preliminary evaluation in cocoa improvement.
Iwaro, A.D. Sreenivasan, T.N. Umaharan, P., and
Butler, D.R. Advances in cocoa breeding in the Caribbean
- strategies for the improvement of cocoa resistance
to Black Pod disease.
Sreenivasan, T. N. Advances in mechanisms for Black
Pod control in the Caribbean.
International cocoa conference 1998. 25-26 November
1998, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Paper presented
Sounigo, O. Christopher, Y., and Umaharan, R.
Genetic diversity study of nine cocoa populations
using RAPD.
7th International Congress of Plant Pathology.
9-12 August 1998, Edinburgh, Scotland.
Organiser and Chair
Butler, D. R. Symposium 2.5 The external environment
and plant pathogen interactions.
Paper presented
Butler, D. R. Daily weather and plant diseases.
ACRI 50th Anniversary cocoa research meetings.
Informal workshop on future cocoa breeding needs
- the role of CRU. 24 September 1998, Port of Spain,
Trinidad.
Papers presented
Sounigo, O. Isozymes, RAPD, RFLP, microsattelite
capacity at CRU.
Sukha, D. Cocoa flavour assessment.
Bekele, F. L. Characterization for agronomic traits.
Iwaro, A. D. and Umaharan, P. Breeding for resistance
to Black Pod disease in cocoa.
Butler, D.R et al., The capabilities of CRU.
Technical meetings, State of knowledge on mass
production of genetically improved propagules of
cocoa. October 1998, Ilheus, Bahia, Brazil.
Paper presented
Mooleedhar, V. A review of vegetative propagation
methods in Trinidad and its relevance to the mass
production of cocoa plants.
NIHERST 10th Seminar on agricultural research
and development, Agricultural research: beneficial
or irrelevant. 4-5 November 1998, Port of Spain,
Trinidad.
Paper presented
Mooleedhar, V. and Shripat, C. A review of research
in cocoa in Trinidad and Tobago.
Newsletter Articles
Sounigo, O. (1998) A proposed methodology to name
newly collected cacao. Ingenic Newsletter 4: 9-10
International Journal Articles
Cilas, C., Lanaud, C., Paulin, D., Nyassé, S.,
N'Goran , J.A. Kébé, B.I., Ducamp, M., Flament,
M.H., Risterucci, A,M., Pieretti, I., Sounigo, O.,
Thévenin, J-M., and Despréaux, D. (1998) Resistance
to pod rot caused by Phytophthora spp., the search
for resistance components. Plantations, recherché,
développment 5(6): 447-449
Iwaro, A.D. Sreenivasan, T.N., and Umaharan, P.
(1998). Cacao resistance to Phythophthora: effect
of pathogen species; inoculation depths and pod
maturity. European Journal of Plant Pathology 104:
11-15
Return to TOP
CRU Annual Report
1997
Conservation
A
Study of the Morphological Variation in a Relic
Criollo Cacao Population from Belize
(V. Mooleedhar)
Characterisation
Morphological
Characterisation in the International Cocoa Genebank
Trinidad- An Investment for the Future
(F. Bekele, G. Bidaisee and O. Sounigo)
Overview
of the Activities of the Biochemistry Laboratory
(O. Sounigo, Y. Christopher, R. Umaharan and
L. Motilal)
Comparison
between Genetic Diversity Data obtained from Morphological,
Biochemical and Molecular Studies (O. Sounigo, F. Bekele, G. Bidaisee, Y. Christopher and R. Umaharan)
Evaluation
Genetic
Basis of Resistance of cacao to Phytophthora (J-M. Thévenin and L.A. Motilal)
Utilisation
Conservation
and Utilisation of Cacao Germplasm in Breeding for
Disease Resistance
(A. D. Iwaro and T.N. Sreenivasan)
RESEARCH
REPORTS
The CRU/ACRI
Cocoa Butterfat Project (Nalini Khan)
Comparative
Cocoa Liquor Sensory Evaluation Studies (D.A. Sukha and D.R. Butler)
RESEARCH
NOTE
An Electron Microscope
Study of Cocoa Tissues Infected with Crinipellis
perniciosa (T.N. Sreenivasan)
Publications and Presentations
Bekele, F.L. (1997) Documentation of genetic resources
in the International Cocoa Genebank, Trinidad. Paper
presented at the USDA Evaluation Workshop on
pc Grin-3, Beltsville, Maryland, USA, April
28th-May 2nd, 1997.
Butler, D.R. (1997) The Cocoa Research Unit, Trinidad
and its relevance to the regional cocoa industry.
Paper presented at the 1° Congreso Venezolano
del cacao y su industria, Estado Aragua, Venezuela,
17-21 November, 1997
Iwaro, A.D., Sreenivasan, T.N. and Umaharan, P.
(1997) Phytophthora resistance in cacao (Theobroma
cacao). Influence of pod morphological characteristics,
Plant Pathology 46: 557-565
Iwaro, A.D., Sreenivasan, T.N. and Umaharan, P.
(1997) Foliar resistance to Phytophthora palmivora
as an indication of pod resistance in Theobroma
cacao, Plant Disease 81(6): 619-624
Iwaro, A.D., Sreenivasan, T.N. and Umaharan, P.
(1997) Inheritance of foliar resistance to Phytophthora
palmivora (Butler) Butler in cacao (Theobroma
cacaoL.), Euphytica 96: 377-383
Iwaro, A.D., Sreenivasan, T.N. and Spence, J.A.
(1997) Studies on Black Pod resistance in Trinidad,
in: Proc. INGENIC Workshop on the Contribution
of disease resistance to cocoa variety improvement,
Salvador, Bahia, Brazil, 25-26 November, 1996 (in
press)
Sounigo, O., Umaharan, R. and Sankar, A. (1997)
Assessing genetic diversity in the International
Cocoa Genebank of Trinidad (ICG,T) using isozyme
electrophoresis, INGENIC Newsletter Issue
No. 3, p.11-16
Sukha, D.A. Commissiong, E.A. and Spence, J.A.
(1997) The influence of fermentation and drying
on the flavour and quality of selected cacao (Theobroma
cacao L.) genoytpes, in Proc. 9th Seminar
on Agricultural Research and Development, NIHERST,
Trinidad (in press)
CRU Annual Report
1996
Conservation
Conservation
Programme (1996)
(V. Mooleedhar)
Characterisation
Evaluation of Some Economic
Characters of Germplasm from the International Cocoa
Genebank Trinidad (F. Bekele, D. Iwaro and G.
Bidaisee)
Overview of the Activities
Performed in the Biochemistry Unit(O. Sounigo,
Y. Christopher, R. Umaharan and L. Motilal)
Genetic Diversity Assessment
of Theobroma cacao L. using Iso-enzyme and
RAPD analyses (O. Sounigo, Y. Christopher and
R. Umaharan)
Evaluation
The Cocoa Butterfat
Project (N. Khan)
The Influence of Fermentation
and Drying on the Flavour and Quality of Selected
Cacao Genotypes (D.A. Sukha, E.A. Commissiong
and J.A. Spence)
A Preliminary Study
of Pod Husk Hardness of Accessions in the International
Cocoa Genebank, Trinidad (F. Bekele, G. Bidaisee
and R. Rampat)
Utilisation
Summary
Report of the Workshop on Utilisation of the Cacao
Genetic Resources of the International Cocoa Genebank,
Trinidad (ICG,T) (D.A. Sukha)
Physiology
Acclimation Potential
of the Cacao Plant (Theobroma cacao L.) to
High Irradiance (H.M. Booker, F.B. Lopez, C.R.
McDavid and R.A. Fletcher)
Publications and Presentations
Bekele, F.L. and Bekele, I. (1996) A sampling of
the phenetic diversity in the International Cocoa
Genebank, Trinidad, Crop Science 36(1):57-64
Iwaro, D. (1996) Cocoa Germplasm Enhancement for
resistance to black pod diseases, in Proc. International
Workshop on the Utilisation of the Genetic Resources
of the International Cocoa Genebank Trinidad
(ICG,T) (in press)
Iwaro, D., Sreenivasan, T.N. and Spence, J. (1996)
Studies on black pod disease in Trinidad, in: Proc.
International Workshop on Breeding for Disease Resistance
in cocoa, INGENIC Committee (in press)
Iwaro, D., Sreenivasan, T.N. and Umaharan, P. (1996)
Inheritance of foliar resistance to Phytophthora
palmivora (Butler) Butler in cacao (Theobroma
cacaoL.), Euphytica (accepted for publication
in vol 96, 1997)
Iwaro, D., Sreenivasan, T.N. and Umaharan, P. (1996)
Foliar resistance to Phytophthora palmivora
as an indication of pod resistance in Theobroma
cacao, Plant Disease (accepted for publication
in vol. 81, 1997)
Iwaro, D., Sreenivasan, T.N. and Umaharan, P. (1996)
Cacao resistance to Phytophthora: Effect
of pathogen species, inoculation depths and pod
maturity, European Journal of Plant Pathology
(in press)
Okey, E.N., Duncan, E.J., Sirju-Charran, G. and
Sreenivasan, T.N. (1996) Factors affecting the susceptibility
of six cocoa clones to Phytophthora palmivora
(Butl.) Butler bark canker in Trinidad, Plant
Pathology 45(1) 84-91
Shripat, C., Sukha,D.A., Spence, J.A., and Commissiong,
E.A. (1996) A preliminary evaluation of three fermentation
regimes on the quality of Trinidad and Tobago Cocoa
- assessed via the cut test, in Proc. International
Cocoa Research COnference, Bahia, Brazil (in
press)
Post-graduate Dissertations and Theses
Gillian G. Bidaisee M.Sc. in Tropical Commodity
Utilization.
The potential for an alternative use of cashew
"apples" (Anarcadium occidentale L.) - candied
fruit slices.
Edward Okey Ph.D. in Plant Science (Cocoa Pathology/Biochemistry)
Histopathological and biochemical studies on
cocoa (Theobroma cacaoL.) canker caused by
Phytophthora palmivora (BUTL.) Butler
Romina Umaharan (nee Doodnath) M.Phil. in Plant
Science (Cocoa Genetics)
A study of the intergeneric hybridisation between
Theobroma cacaoL. and Herrania species
Participation in Conferences and
Workshops
Vishnarayan Mooleedhar and Darin Sukha
12th International Cocoa Research Conference
Salvador, Bahia, Brazil, November, 1996
David Iwaro and Frances Bekele
The Second INGENIC Workshop on the Contribution
of Disease Resistance to Cocoa Variety Improvement,
Salvador, Bahia, Brazil, in November, 1996.
Return to TOP
CRU Annual Report
1995
Conservation
Cocoa
Germplasm Movement and Quarantine: Germplasm prospection
in French Guiana, Transfer of LCT-EENs, Germplasm
transfer to the ICG,T from quarantine. (V. Mooleedhar)
Characterisation
A Preliminary
Study of the Effects of Environment on the Expression
of Some Fruit and Seed Characters in Cacao from
the ICG,T (F. Bekele and I. Bekele)
RAPD and
Allozyme analyses for cacao characterization and
genetic diversity assessment, Genome mapping, prebreeding
for resistance genes. (Y. Christopher, A. Sankar
and O. Sounigo)
Reproducibility
of RAPDs (Y. Christopher and O. Sounigo)
Evaluation
A versatile
method for field inoculation of Crinipellis perniciosa
(T.N. Sreenivasan)
Evaluation
of Butterfat Content in T. cacao accession
(N. Khan, S. Subero, L. Grierson, V. Mooleedhar,
P. Umaharan and J. Spence)
Publications
Cocoa Research Unit Newsletter 2 June 1995
Research Papers
Journals
Okey, E.N., Duncan, E.J., Sirju-Charran, G. and
Sreenivasan, T.N. (1995) Wound-healing in cocoa
(Theobroma cacao L.) stem and its effect
on canker caused by Phytophthora palmivora.
International Journal of Tropical Pest Management
41 (4) 224-228
Okey, E.N., Duncan, E.J., Sirju-Charran, G. and
Sreenivasan, T.N. (1995) Phenolics associated with
the resistance of cocoa stems to Phytophthora
canker. Phytopathology 85: 1139, Abstract.
Okey, E.N., Duncan, E.J., Sirju-Charran, G. and
Sreenivasan, T.N. (1995) Factors affecting the susceptibility
of six cocoa clones to Phytophthora palmivora
(Butl.) Butler bark canker. Plant Pathology (Accepted
for publication in Vol 45:84-91, 1996)
Bekele, F.L. and Bekele, I. (1995) A sampling of
the phenetic diversity in the International Cocoa
Genebank, Trinidad, Crop Science (Accepted
for publication in Vol. 36, 1996)
Galyuon, I.K.A., McDavid, C.R., Lopez, F.B. and
Spence, J.A. The effect of leaf irradiance level
on cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.): I. Growth
and leaf adaptations, Tropical Agriculture
(Accepted for publication)
Galyuon, I.K.A., McDavid, C.R., Lopez, F.B. and
Spence, J.A. The effect of irradiance level on cocoa
(Theobroma cacao L.): II. Gas exchange and
chlorophyll fluorescence, Tropical Agriculture
(Accepted for publication)
Papers under preparation or submitted for publication
Okey, E.N., Duncan, E.J., Sirju-Charran, G. and
Sreenivasan, T.N. (1996) Factors affecting the susceptibility
of six cocoa clones to Phytophthora palmivora
(Butl.) Butler bark canker in Trinidad, Plant
Pathology
Kalai, K., Umaharan, P. and Bekele, F.L. The carrying
capacity of three-way crosses of cacao (Theobroma
cacao L.)
Kalai, K., Umaharan, P. and Bekele, F.L. Floral
characteristics of some cacao populations in Trinidad
Okey, E.N., Duncan, E.J., Sirju-Charran, G. and
Sreenivasan, T.N. (1995) Effect of inoculum density
and inoculation technique on the pathogenicity of
Phytophthora palmivora on cocoa stems (European
Journal of Plant Pathology)
In Proceedings
Bekele, F.L. (1995) Further studies on a concise
list of morphological descriptors for cacao. Proceedings
of the International Workshop on Cocoa Breeding
Strategies. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, October
18th-19th, 1994, 155-165.
Presented at Conferences or Seminars
Sukha, D. and Bekele, F.L. (1995) Effective sampling
procedures for Cocoa: A Guide for Buying Agents,
Workshop on Quality of Cocoa for Export, Cocoa and
Coffee Industry Board, August 18, 1995, Port of
Spain, Trinidad.
Mooleedhar, V. and Sukha, D. (1995) Conservation
of Cocoa Genetic Resources: A case study based on
the International Cocoa Genebank, Trinidad, Training
Workshop on Field Genebank Management and Potential
Solutions, IPGRI, November 13 - 18, University of
Puerto Rico, Mayaguez, Puerto Rico.
Post-graduate Dissertations
Ph.D. Iwaro, David
Adeniyi (1995) Mechanisms of Resistance to Phytophthora
palmivora (Butler) Butler in Cacao (Theobroma
cacao L.) and their Genetic Basis.
Okey, Edward Ntui (1995) Histopathological and
Biochemical Studies on Cocoa (Theobroma cacao
L.) canker caused by Phytophthora palmivora
(Butl.) Butler. (Presented for examination)
M.Phil Kalai, Kurar
Sebastian. Some studies on breeding systems, podset
and yield in cacao (Theobroma cacao L.).
Return to TOP
CRU Annual Report
1994
Conservation
The
International Cocoa Genebank, Trinidad (ICG,T) (V.
Mooleedhar, J.A. Spence and F. Bekele)
Quarantine
and Germplasm Movement (V. Mooleedhar, T.N. Sreenivasan
and J.A. Spence)
Characterisation
Morphological
Characterization: Pod indices of germplasm from
the ICG,T (F. Bekele, G. Bidaisee, A. Richardson-Drakes
and R. Waheed)
Biochemical
Characterization (O. Sounigo, Y. Christopher
and A. Sankar)
Evaluation
Grafting
on very young cacao seedlings (T.N. Sreenivasan)
Evaluation
of cacao genetic resources for resistance to black
pod and witches' broom diseases in Trinidad (M.
Ducamp)
Histopathological
and biochemical studies of Phytophthora stem canker
on cocoa -- E. Okey (PhD research supervised
by E.J. Duncan, G. Sirju-Charran and T.N. Sreenivasan)
Nature
of Cacao resistance to Phytophthora infections --
D.A. Iwaro (PhD Research supervised by P. Umaharan,
TN Sreenivasan)
Utilisation
Overview
Paper: Plant breeding and crop improvement in cacao;
a journey in unexplored territory (A.J.Kennedy)
Research
Notes
BREEDING/GENETICS
Some studies on breeding systems, podset and yield
in cacao -- Kurar Kalai (Postgraduate research
supervised by P. Umaharan and F. Bekele)
PHYSIOLOGY
The effect of prolonged drought on growth and development
of cocoa cultivars -- Anna Antwi (Postgraduate
research supervised by C.R. Mc David, F.B.
Lopez and J. A. Spence)
Water relations, gas exchange rates and growth of
cocoa seedlings under drought conditions -- Anna
Antwi (Postgraduate research supervised by F.B.
Lopez, C.R. Mc David, J.A. Spence)
Publications
Cocoa Research Unit Newsletter 1: 8pp. May, 1994
Research Papers
Journals
Bekele, F.L., Kennedy, A.J., McDavid, C.R., Lauckner,
F.B. and Bekele, I. (1994) Numerical taxonomic studies
on cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) in Trinidad,
Euphytica 75 231-240
Warren, J.M. (1994) Isozyme variation in a number
of populations of Theobroma cacao L. obtained
through various sampling regimes, Euphytica
72 121-126
Warren, J.M. and Pettitt, T.R. (1994) Estimation
of the number of loci involved in the inheritance
of resistance to Phytophthora palmivora (Butl.)
Butl. in the leaves of Theobroma cacao L.,
Plant Pathology 43 73-79
Warren, J.M., Misir, S. and Kalai, K. (1994) Isozyme
markers for self-incompatibility and yield in cacao
(Theobroma cacao), Heredity
In press
Bekele, F.L. and Bekele, I. (1995) A sampling of
the phenetic diversity in the International Cocoa
Genebank of Trinidad, Crop Science
Okey, E.N., Duncan, E.J., Sirju-Charran, G. and
Sreenivasan, T.N. (1995) Factors affecting the susceptibility
of six cocoa clones to Phytophthora palmivora
(Butl.) Butler bark canker. Plant Pathology
Okey, E.N., Duncan, E.J., Sirju-Charran, G. and
Sreenivasan, T.N. (1995) Wound-healing in cocoa
(Theobroma cacao L.) stem and its effect
on canker caused by Phytophthora palmivora, International
Journal of Tropical Pest Management 41
(4)
Papers under preparation or submitted
for publication
Ali, D.Z., Sreenivasan, T.N. and Lauckner, F.B.
(1994) Copper residue on fungicide-treated cocoa
trees, in the soil, and the distribution of Phytophthora
palmivora in the field
Ali, D.Z., Sreenivasan, T.N. and Lauckner, F.B.
(1994) A comparison of methods of fungicide application
for the control of black pod disease in cocoa
Antwi, A., McDavid, C.R., Lopez, F.B. and Spence,
J.A. The effect of prolonged drought on growth and
development of cocoa (Theobroma cacao) cultivars,
Tropical Agriculture
Antwi, A., McDavid, C.R., Lopez, F.B. and Spence,
J.A. Water relations, gas exchange rates and growth
of cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) seedlings under
drought conditions, Tropical Agriculture
Galyuon, I.K.A., McDavid, C.R., Lopez, F.B. and
Spence, J.A. The effect of irradiance level on cocoa
(Theobroma cacao): II. Gas exchange and chlorophyll
fluorescence, Tropical Agriculture
Kalai, K., Umaharan, P. and Bekele, F.L. The carrying
capacity of three-way crosses of cacao (Theobroma
cacao L.)
Kalai, K., Umaharan, P. and Bekele, F.L. Floral
characteristics of some cacao populations in Trinidad
Okey, E.N., Duncan, E.J., Sirju-Charran, G. and
Sreenivasan, T.N. (1994) The effect of zoospore
concentration and inoculation techniques on the
development of Phytophthora on cocoa stem
canker
Okey, E.N., Duncan, E.J., Sirju-Charran, G. and
Sreenivasan, T.N. (1994) Changes in peroxidase and
polyphenoloxidase associated with Phytophthora
palmivora (Butl.) Butler infection of cocoa
stems
In Proceedings
Bekele, F.L. (1995) Further studies on a concise
list of morphological descriptors for cacao. Proceedings
of the International Workshop on Cocoa Breeding
Strategies. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, October
18th-19th, 1994, 155-165.
Okey, E.N., Duncan, E.J., Sirju-Charran, G. and
Sreenivasan, T.N. (1994) Histopathological Studies
of Phytophthora infection on cocoa stem. Proceedings
of the 11th International Cocoa Research Conference,
Cote d'Ivoire, 61-65
Presented at Conferences or Seminars
Bekele, F.L. (1994) Flavour assessment of cocoa
in the International Cocoa Gene bank, Trinidad.
Paper presented at the 3rd Caricom Cocoa Producers'
Meeting, Port of Spain, 18th-20th January, 1994
Iwaro, A.D.; Sreenivasan, T.N. and Umaharan, P.
(1994) Indicators of resistance in cocoa (Theobroma
cacao) to black pod disease caused by P.
palmivora. Accepted for oral presentation at
the 30th Conference of the Caribbean Food Crop
Society in St. Thomas, Virgin Island, U.S.A.
Okey, E.N., Duncan, E.J., Sirju-Charran, G. and
Sreenivasan, T.N. (1994) Changes in peroxidase associated
with infection of cocoa stems by Phytophthora
palmivora. A paper presented at the 30th
Conference of the Caribbean Food Crop Society,
U.S. Virgin Islands.
Spence, J.A Conservation, characterization and
utilisation of cocoa genetic resources. Advances
in Tropical Agriculture in the 20th Century and
prospects for the 21st century. (TA 2000), Port
of Spain, Trinidad
Spence, J.A Conservation, characterization and
utilisation of cocoa genetic resources. Paper presented
at the 30th Annual Conference of the Caribbean
Food Crops Society, U.S. Virgin Islands.
Post-graduate Dissertations
M.Phil
Kalai, Kurar Sebastian. Some studies on breeding
systems, podset and yield in cacao (Theobroma
cacao L.). October, 1994 (Submitted for examination)
Antwi, Anna. The effects of water deficit on growth
and development in young cocoa plants
Galyuon, Isaac. A study of the responses of cacao
(Theobroma cacao L.) to high irradiance
Posters
Antwi, A., McDavid, C.R., Lopez, F.B. and Spence,
J.A. Morphological response of cocoa (Theobroma
cacao L.) to water deficit. Advances in Tropical
Agriculture in the 20th Century and prospects for
the 21st century. (TA 2000), Port of Spain,
Trinidad
Iwaro, A.D., Sreenivasan, T.N. and Umaharan, P.
Modes of penetration of cocoa leaves by Phytophthora
palmivora (Butl.) Butler. Advances in Tropical
Agriculture in the 20th Century and prospects for
the 21st century. (TA 2000), Port of Spain,
Trinidad
Okey, E.N., Duncan, E.J., Sirju-Charran, G. and
Sreenivasan, T.N. Reaction of cocoa stems to Phytophthora
palmivora (Butl.) Butler infection. Advances
in Tropical Agriculture in the 20th Century and
prospects for the 21st century. (TA 2000), Port
of Spain, Trinidad
Sounigo, O., Christopher, Y., Doodnath, R., Johnson,
R., Singh, V., Sreenivasan, T.N., Umaharan, P. and
Spence, J.A. Biotechnology at Cocoa Research Unit,
Trinidad. Caribbean Society of Biotechnology,
2nd Congress of Biotechnology, Inter-American
University of Puerto-Rico, March 26, 1994
Sounigo, O., Christopher, Y. and Spence, J.A. The
characterization of cocoa germplasm using biochemical
and molecular markers. Fourth Caribbean Biotechnology
Conference: Biotechnology - its potential in the
Caribbean. Caribbean Biotechnology Network, Organised
by UNESCO, FAO in association with CARIRI and UWI.
Port of Spain, 12-13 September, 1994
Sounigo, O., Misir-Balladin, S., Christopher, Y.,
Sreenivasan, T.N., Umaharan, P., Singh, V., Baboe,
R. Doodnath, R. and Spence, J.A. Biotechnology at
Cocoa Research Unit, Trinidad. Fourth Caribbean
Biotechnology Conference: Biotechnology - its potential
in the Caribbean. Caribbean Biotechnology Network,
Organised by UNESCO, FAO in association with CARIRI
and UWI. Port of Spain, 12-13 September, 1994
The CRU has also organised an exhibition of several
posters depicting the Unit's work to familiarize
the Director of FAO during his visit to the UWI
campus in 1994.
Return to TOP
CRU Annual Report
1993
Genetic
Resources
Using
morphological descriptors to assess phenetic diversity
within the International Cocoa Genebank, Trinidad.
(F. Bekele, I. Bekele, A. Richardson-Drakes,
G. Seow and R. Waheed)
Observations
on manual pollination on clones of three way crosses
with respect to carrying capacity in cacao (Theobroma
cacao L.) -- Kurar Kalai (Postgraduate research
supervised by P. Umaharan and J. Warren)
Biochemistry
The
reproducibility of DNA polymorphisms in Theobroma
cacao L. as exhibited using RAPD analysis. (Y.
Christopher)
Genetic
diversity studies of Theobroma cacao L. utilizing
isozyme electrophoresis (S. Misir and O. Sounigo)
Programme
of the Cocoa Research Unit Biochemistry Laboratory
(O. Sounigo, Y. Christopher and S. Misir)
Pathology
Relationship
between leaf and pod resistance in cacao to Phytophthora
palmivora infection (D.A. Iwaro, T.N. Sreenivasan
and P. Umaharan)
Histochemical
investigations on cotyledon retention in cacao seedlings
infected with Crinipellis perniciosa (L.A.
Motilal, G. Sirju-Charran and T.N. Sreenivasan)
Research
Project on Witches' Broom (M. Ducamp, Visiting
Scientist -- CIRAD-CP)
Histopathological
and biochemical studies of Phytophthora stem
canker on cocoa -- E. Okey (PhD research supervised
by E.J. Duncan, G. Sirju-Charran and T.N. Sreenivasan)
The biology,
ecology and control of the wet wood termite, Neotermes
spp -- C. Williams (Postgraduate research
supervised by T.N. Sreenivasan, G.V. Pollard and
K. Buckmire)
Rodent
resistance in Theobroma cacao L. -- D.Z.
Emamdie (Postgraduate research supervised by
R.A.I. Braithwaite, A.R. Maxwell, J.M. Warren, T.N.
Sreenivasan)
Physiology
The
importance of leaf flush size and initial colour
on gas exchange and growth of young cacao under
full sunlight. (I.K.A. Galyuon, C.R. McDavid,
F.B. Lopez and J.A. Spence)
Using
methanol to improve tolerance of cacao (Theobroma
cacao L.) to high irradiance (I.K.A. Galyuon,
C.R. McDavid, F.B. Lopez and J.A. Spence)
Leaf and
root adaptations of TSH cacao clones under drought
conditions (A. Antwi, C.R. McDavid, F.B. Lopez,
J.A. Spence)
An investigation
of the early growth of cacao (Theobroma cacao L.)
on some clay soils in Trinidad -- S. Ramberran (Research
supervised by F. Gumbs and J. Spence)
Responses
of cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) to high irradiance
-- I.K.A. Galyuon (Postgraduate research supervised
by C.R. McDavid, F.B. Lopez and J.A. Spence)
Preliminary
study of comparative effects of light and water
levels on methanol treated plants -- A. Antwi (Postgraduate
research supervised by F.B. Lopez, C.R. McDavid
and J.A. Spence)
Growth
response of cacao seedlings under drought conditions
-- A. Antwi (Postgraduate research supervised
by F.B. Lopez, C.R. McDavid and J.A. Spence)
THE
INTERNATIONAL COCOA GENEBANK, TRINIDAD (ICG,T)
The
International Cocoa Genebank, Trinidad (ICG,T) (V.
Mooleedhar, F. Bekele and J. Spence)
QUARANTINE
STATION
Quarantine And Germplasm Movement (J.A.
Spence, T.N. Sreenivasan and V. Mooleedhar)
Publications
Proceedings of the Workshop on the Conservation,
Characterization and Utilization of Cocoa Genetic
Resources in the 21st century Port of Spain,
Trinidad, September 13th - 17th, 1992. Published
in 1993
In Book
Mohan, S. and Sreenivasan, T.N. (1993) Comparative
Epidemiology Study: Trinidad. In Disease Management
in Cocoa. Comparative Epidemiology of Witches'
Broom. Ed. S.A. Rudgard, A.C. Maddison and T.
Andebrhan. Chapman & Hall, 103-118.
Journals
Bekele, F.L., Kennedy, A.J., McDavid, C.R., Lauckner,
B. and Bekele, I. (1994) Numerical taxonomic studies
on cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) in Trinidad.
Euphytica 75, 231-240
Russel, J.R., Hosein, F., Johnson, E., Waugh, R.
and Powell, W. (1993) Genetic differentiation of
cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) revealed by RAPD
analysis, Molecular Ecology, 2 89-97
Emamdie, D.Z. and Warren, J. (1993) Varietal taste
preference for cacao (Theobroma cacao L.)
by the Neotropical Red Squirrel Sciurus granatensis
(Humboldt) Biotropica, 25 (3) 365-368.
Warren, J. and Emamdie, D.Z. (1993) Rodent resistance
in cocoa Theobroma cacao L. Tropical Agriculture
(Trinidad) 70 (3) 286-288.
Conference Papers
Antwi, A., Lopez, F.B., McDavid, C.R. and Spence,
J. (1993) Leaf morphology and drought tolerance
in cocoa, In: Proc. 11th International Cocoa
Research Conference, Cote d'Ivoire (in press).
Bekele, F.L. (1993) The use of botanical descriptors
- CRU experiences. In Proceedings of the Workshop
on the Conservation, Characterization and Utilization
of Cocoa Genetic Resources in the 21st century,
Port of Spain, Trinidad, September 13th - 17th,
1992, 77-91.
Hosein, F. (1993) Merits of characterization of
cacao by botanical descriptors and isozyme analysis.
In Proceedings of the Workshop on the Conservation,
Characterization and Utilization of Cocoa Genetic
Resources in the 21st century, Port of Spain,
Trinidad, September 13th - 17th, 1992, 104-110.
Iwaro, A.D., Umaharan, P., Sreenivasan, T.N. and
Warren, J. (1993) Anatomical and morphological determinants
of leaf resistance to P. palmivora in cocoa,
In: Proc. 11th International Cocoa Research Conference,
Cote d'Ivoire (in press).
Iwaro, A.D., Umaharan, P., Sreenivasan, T.N. and
Warren, J. (1993) Sustaining cocoa production through
genetic resistance to black pod and leaf blight,
In: Proceedings 29th Annual Conference, Caribbean
Food Crop Society, Martinique.
Kennedy, A.J. and Mooleedhar, V. (1993) Conservation
of cocoa in field genebanks - The International
Cocoa Genebank, Trinidad. In Proceedings of the
Workshop on the Conservation, Characterization and
Utilization of Cocoa Genetic Resources in the 21st
century, Port of Spain, Trinidad, September
13th - 17th, 1992, 21-23.
Okey, E.N., Duncan, E.J., Sirju-Charran, G. and
Sreenivasan, T.N. (1993) Histopathological studies
of Phythophthora infection on cocoa stem.
Proceedings of the 11th International Cocoa Research
Conference, Yamoussoukro, Cote d'Ivoire, July
17th - 24th 1993.
Warren, J. (1993) Cocoa breeding in the 21st century.
In Proceedings of the Workshop on the Conservation,
Characterization and Utilization of Cocoa Genetic
Resources in the 21st century, Port of Spain,
Trinidad, September 13th - 17th, 1992, 215-220.
POSTER PRESENTATIONS
Motilal, L.A., Sreenivasan, T.N. and Sirju-Charran,
G. (1993) Histochemical Localization of Peroxidase:
The Effect of Witches' Broom Disease. Poster Presentation
in: Plant Peroxidases: Biochemistry and Physiology.
III International Symposium, inore, Denmark.
Motilal, L.A., Sreenivasan, T.N. and Sirju-Charran,
G. (1993) Cotyledon Abscission in Amelonado Seedlings.
Poster Presentation in: Proceedings of the 11th
International Cocoa Research Conference, Yamoussoukro,
Cote d'Ivoire.
Iwaro, A.D., Sreenivasan, T.N., Warren, J., and
Umaharan, P. (1993) Anatomical and Morphological
determinants of leaf resistance to Phytophthora
palmivora in cocoa. 11th International Cocoa
Research Conference, Yamoussoukro, Cote d'Ivoire,
July 17th - 24th 1993.
POST GRADUATE DISSERTATIONS
M.Phil.
Sherman, Maran J. (1993) The comparative effects
of shade and soil moisture on the growth of transplanted
cocoa seedlings.
Ali, Diane Z. (1993) A comparison of fungicide application
methods for the control of black pod disease of
cocoa.
Return to TOP
CRU Annual Report
1992
PROGRAMME
REPORTS
Development
of a machine for removing the mucilage from cocoa
beans (F. Bekele , P. Birju , D. Nancoo, W. Maharaj, A. Richardson-Drakes,
S. Ramnarine, G. Seow, R. Waheed and C. Sankat)
Breeding system polymorphism in cocoa (J. Warren and K. Kalai)
Rodent resistance in cocoa (D. Emamdie and J. Warren)
Research
Notes - Genetic Resources
An alternative descriptor to apical angle (F. Bekele, A. Richardson-Drakes, S. Ramnarine, G. Seow
and R. Waheed)
Hybridization studies from crosses between Theobroma cacao
and Herrania sp. -- R. Doodnath (Postgraduate research supervised by P. Umaharan
and J.M. Warren)
PLANT
PATHOLOGY
A Comparison Of Methods Of Fungicide Applications For The Control
Of Black Pod Disease Of Cocoa (T.N. Sreenivasan and D. Z. Ali)
Biochemical
basis for symptom expression in witches' broom diseased
cocoa seedlings
-- L. A. Motilal (Postgraduate research supervised
by T.N. Sreenivasan and G. Sirju-Charran)
Studies
on seed transmission of witches' broom disease of
cocoa: sterilization of infected beans and evaluation
of resistance (M. Ducamp and T.N. Sreenivasan)
Studies
on the role of resting spores in the biology of
Crinipellis perniciosa (Stahel) Singer -- R. Baboe (Postgraduate research supervised by T.N. Sreenivasan
and E.J. Duncan)
The biology, ecology and control of the termite Neotermes sp.
infesting cocoa in Grenada -- C. Williams (Postgraduate research supervised by G.V. Pollard,
T.N. Sreenivasan and K. Buckmire)
Histopathological
and biochemical studies of Phytophthora stem
canker on cocoa
-- E.N. Okey (Postgraduate research supervised
by T.N. Sreenivasan E.J. Duncan and G. Sirju-Charran)
Indicators
Of Foliar Resistance To Phytophthora palmivora
In Cocoa -- D.A. Iwaro (Postgraduate research supervised by J.
Warren, P. Umaharan and T.N. Sreenivasan)
PLANT PHYSIOLOGY
Characteristics
for high irradiance tolerance in cocoa (Theobroma
cacao L.)
-- I.K.A. Galyuon (Postgraduate research supervised
by F.B. Lopez, C.R. Mc David and J.A. Spence)
Wind
tolerance in cocoa
-- A. Richardson-Drakes (Postgraduate research
supervised by F.B. Lopez, C.R. McDavid and J.A.
Spence)
The comparative effects of varying shade and moisture regimes on
transplanted cocoa seedlings (var. amelonado) -- M. Sherman (Postgraduate research
supervised by L.B. Roberts-Nkrumah, J.A. Spence
and F. Gumbs)
Leaf
morphology and drought tolerance in cocoa -- Anna Antwi (Postgraduate research supervised
by F.B. Lopez, C.R. Mc David and J. Spence)
AGRONOMY
The
effect of Paclobutrazol on the growth and development
of seedlings
(V. Mooleedhar and T. J. Peters)
BIOCHEMISTRY
Genetic
diversity and the conservation of germplasm in Theobroma
cacao L.
(Y. Christopher, F. Hosein, E.Johnson, J. Warren)
(Full length article available)
PLANT PATHOLOGY
The
Biology of Crinipellis perniciosa (T.N.
Sreenivasan) (Full length article available)
General
Summary
report on the Workshop entitled "Conservation,
Characterization and Utilization of Cocoa Genetic
Resources in the 21st century" (Full Length
report available)
Conservation
Accessions
held in the International Cocoa Genebank, Trinidad
(ICG,T) (V. Mooleedhar, F. Bekele, J. Warren
and J. Spence)
Quarantine
and germplasm movement (J.A. Spence, T.N. Sreenivasan
and V. Mooleedhar)
Publications
Warren, J. (1992) Estimation of the number of loci
involved in the inheritance of resistance to Phytophthora
palmivora (Butl.) in the leaves of Theobroma
cacao L., Plant Pathology (in press.)
Warren, J. and Emamdie, D.Z. (1992) Rodent resistance
in cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.), Tropical
Agriculture 70 (3) (in press)
Poster Presentations
Bekele, F. and Spence, J.A. (1992) The use of emerging
technologies in the conservation of cocoa genetic
resources in the International Cocoa Genebank, Trinidad
(ICG,T), 9th Royal Agricultural Society of England
International Symposium, 1-7 July, 1992, University
of Cambridge.
Posters describing the work of post-graduate students
and staff of the CRU were presented during a workshop
held by the Cocoa Research Unit (CRU) entitled "Conservation,
Characterization and Utilization of Cocoa Genetic
Resources in the 21st century", from the 13th
to 17th September, 1992; similar posters were presented
at the 6th Annual National Institute of Higher Education
and Research in Science and Technology (NIHERST)
Seminar on Agr.icultural Research, Couva, Trinidad,
3rd and 4th November, 1992.
Return to TOP
CRU Annual Report
1991
Conservation
-- Genetic Resources
Determining
the relationship among accessions in the International
Cocoa Genebank, Trinidad (ICG,T) using flower descriptors.
(F. Bekele)
The determination
of correlations among leaf and flower descriptors
of eighteen accessions in the ICG,T (F. Bekele
and A. Richardson-Drakes)
Maternal
and paternal effects upon bean size in Theobroma
cacao L. (J. Warren and K. Kalai)
The Inheritance
of resistance to Phytophthora palmivora (Butler)
Butler in the leaves of Theobroma cacao L.
(J. Warren and T.R. Pettitt)
Hybridisation
of Theobroma cacao with the Genus Herrania
and wild species of Theobroma -- R. Doodnath
(Postgraduate research supervised by P. Umaharan
and J.M. Warren)
Characterisation
Biochemistry
The Use of Isozyme Analysis in the Characterisation
of Cocoa Germplasm (E. Johnson, F. Hosein, Y.
Christopher and G. Sirju-Charran)
Pathology
The Distribution of Phytophthora in a Cocoa Field
-- S. Ramnarine (Postgraduate research supervised
by T.N. Sreenivasan)
Evaluation
The
Production Potential of a Cocoa Orchard System (V.
Mooleedhar)
Accessions
Held in the International Cocoa Genebank, Trinidad
(ICG,T) (V. Mooleedhar, F. Bekele, T. Cassie,
J. Warren and J. Spence)
Quarantine
and Germplasm Movement (J.A. Spence, T.N. Sreenivasan,
V. Mooleedhar and T. Cassie)
Utilisation
-- Research Notes
Physiology
Tolerance of Cocoa to exposed (unshaded) conditions
(F.B. Lopez and J.A. Spence)
The comparative
effects of varying shade and moisture regimes on
transplanted cocoa seedlings (var. Amelonado) --
M. Sherman (Postgraduate research supervised
by J.A. Spence, L.R. Nkrumah and G.A. Gumbs)
Plant
Pathology
A new pod disease of cocoa (T.N. Sreenivasan)
Biochemical
basis for symptom expression in cocoa seedlings
infected with Crinipellis perniciosa -- L.A. Motilal
(Postgraduate research supervised by G. Sirju-Charran
and T.N. Sreenivasan)
Histopathological
and biochemical studies of Phytophthora infection
on cocoa stem -- E. Okey (Postgraduate research
supervised by E.J. Duncan and T.N. Sreenivasan)
Publications and Presentations
Sirju-Charran, G, Johnson, E., Warren, J.M. (1991)
Isozymes and the description of cocoa germplasm
in Trinidad, Cocoa Growers' Bulletin, 44
25-28
Spence, J.A. (1991) A historical background of
the Cocoa Research Unit, University of the West
Indies, Republic of Trinidad and Tobago, Cocoa
Growers' Bulletin, 44 13-17
Wilde, J. Johnson, E., Waugh, R. and Powell, W.
(1991) Characterisation of cocoa clones using DNA-based
markers, Cocoa Growers' Bulletin, 44
29-36
Warren, J.M. and Kennedy, A.J. (1991) Cocoa breeding
revisited, Cocoa Growers' Bulletin, 44
29-36
Warren, J., Griffiths, S. and Spence, J. (1991)
Some scientific aspects of sustainable agriculture,
Proceedings of the Conference on Sustainable
Agricultural Development, Project Planning Centre,
University of Bradford
Poster Presentations
Doodnath, R. (1991) Cocoa Improvement through Intergeneric
Hybridisation, Caribbean Food Crop Society 29th
Annual General Meeting, Roseau, Dominica.
Return to TOP
Verification
of clonal accessions in the ICG,T using RAPD and
SSR analyses (L.A. Motilal, O. Sounigo,
G. Briggs and A. Sankar)
The presence of misidentified
plant material is commonly encountered in genebanks.
This problem has been acknowledged for cocoa; some
authors have pointed out dissimilarities between
trees representing the same accession in different
genebanks (Figueira, 1998) as well as in the same
genebank (Sounigo et al., 2001). In the case of
the ICG,T, maintained by CRU, it is important to
identify and correct these mistakes because we provide
clonal material and information to cocoa researchers
worldwide. A preliminary programme was started in
1997, to detect the presence of mislabelled trees.
Up to 1999, trees from 132 cocoa accessions in the
ICG,T were verified using RAPD markers and the results
were used to put tags on the analysed trees to indicate
whether or not they are true to type. Since 1999,
we have introduced some modifications to the strategy
and methodology. Priority for verification is being
given to material being used in active research
projects: these include accessions used as controls
for phytopathology tests, accessions studied for
the evaluation of the inheritance of the flavour
traits, and accessions pre-selected for the "CFC/ICCO/IPGRI
project collection". In addition, the use of RAPD
was discontinued because of the problems of repeatability
sometimes observed with this technique. Instead
we initiated the use of SSR (Simple Sequence Repeats)
markers. The trees selected for analysis are located
in the ICG,T and on the UWI campus fields (St. Augustine).
When possible, the molecular profiles of the trees
representing an accession were compared to the one
obtained from the tree representing the same accession
in Marper Farm. The trees in Marper Farm were planted
in the 1940's and were propagated by grafting budwood
collected from plants which had been quarantined
in Barbados. These plants were grown from seed collected
by Pound (1938) on spontaneous trees (in the case
of Upper Amazon Forastero accessions from Peru)
and on cultivated trees (in the case of Refractario
accessions from Ecuador) during his collecting expeditions.
For this reason, these trees are considered to be
the reference material for verification. During
the preliminary programme, molecular analyses were
conducted using 14 RAPD primers, allowing the scoring
of 39 reproducible markers. For the new programme,
we used nine pairs of SSR-primers. Both RAPD and
SSR products were separated on agarose gels at a
concentration of 1.5% for RAPD products and 3% for
SSR products. When comparison with the reference
tree from Marper was possible, the trees sharing
its molecular profile were given a distinct label
(orange coloured) with their original accession
name. Trees showing a molecular profile differing
at one or more fragments from the tree at the Marper
farm were given a label with a "CRU" prefix and
a number suffix. In the absence of a reference tree,
the analysed trees were given a label with the original
accession name if they all shared the same molecular
profile, otherwise they were given a label with
the original accession name followed by the letter
"V" (for "verified") and a number. The use of RAPD
allowed us to detect differences between trees of
the same designation, not only between the reference
tree and the ones planted in the ICG,T, but also
within a plot in the ICG,T. In some cases, every
tree analysed presented a distinct profile, however
for many of these, differences were found at the
level of only one RAPD marker and could be attributed
to problems of reproducibility of the technique.
Morphological
characterisation of germplasm from the ICG,T: highlights
of recent findings (F.L. Bekele, G.G.
Bidaisee and W.M. Mollineau)
During the past year,
a 22% increase in complete morphological characterisation
records was achieved. The number of accessions fully
characterised was 119, bringing the overall total
to 615. Fruit characterisation during the period
of pod availability resulted in 155 new records,
bringing the overall total to 691. Characterisation
using flower and flush descriptors was conducted
between August and December. A total of 1023 accessions
are now described using flower descriptors and 1076
with flush colour. Some of the data of interest
to breeders, viz., bean weight, pod index (PI),
and pod wall (husk) hardness are presented in this
report. Data on floral traits were used in a study
of phenotypic diversity among accessions with large
bean weight and low PI, the results of which are
are also presented.
Return to TOP
Genetic diversity assessment using RAPD (O.
Sounigo, S. Ramdahin and A. Sankar)
RAPD characterisation
of cocoa accessions was started in 1994 and, so
far, 615 accessions have been completed. This year,
accessions were chosen in order to complete information
on some Trinitario populations (DOM, RIM, SC, TRD)
and to characterise the accessions pre-selected
for the CFC/ICCO/IPGRI project collection. The data
are used to examine the genetic relationships between
accessions within some of the populations.
Evaluation
of cocoa germplasm for resistance to Witches' Broom
disease (R. Umaharan, J-M. Thévenin
and S. Surujdeo-Maharaj)
This report covers
the second year of the ACRI funded Witches' Broom
disease (WB) screening project. We have been able
to attain favourable and fairly stable experimental
conditions, leading to the successful inoculation
of grafted accessions obtained from the ICG,T. However,
considerable preparatory work was required before
we could successfully adapt this inoculation method
to screen grafted clones from the ICG,T. An account
of all the modifications made to the inoculation
system to adapt it for use at CRU and results from
preliminary experiments conducted to standardise
experimental conditions, was given in the previous
report (Umaharan, et al., 2000). In this report
an account is given of the progress of germplasm
screening for resistance to WB. To date nine grafting
series, A to I, have been inoculated. The results
of five series of accessions, representing series
A, B, C, D and E, for which inoculation and symptom
assessment are complete, will be discussed here.
Germplasm evaluation at the International Cocoa
Genebank, Trinidad for resistance to Phytophthora
pod rot (A.D. Iwaro, V. Singh, S. Bharath
and N. Jugmohan)
Mass screening to assess
the germplasm collection in the ICG,T for resistance
to Phytophthora pod rot (Black Pod disease) was
initiated in 1996. The mission is to identify good
sources of resistance to Phytophthora pod rot that
could be used to strengthen the genetic base of
cacao breeding programmes. Currently, five different
species of Phytophthora (P. palmivora, P. megakarya,
P. capsici, P. citrophthora and P. megasperma) are
known to cause Black Pod disease in different cocoa-growing
countries throughout the world (Brasier and Griffin,
1979 and Zentymer, 1988). However, only P. palmivora
and P. capsici have been reported in Trinidad, the
former being more aggressive (Iwaro et al., 1998).
Lack of interaction between cacao genotypes and
pathogen species, and the similarity in the ranking
of genotypes based on lesion size suggested that
selection for resistant accessions could be based
on disease reaction to the more aggressive pathogen
(Iwaro et al., 1998). Consequently, an aggressive
isolate of P. palmivora was used in the mass screening
exercise for the identification of resistant genotypes
in the ICG,T. Recent studies have also shown some
similarity in the ranking for resistance to P. megakarya
in Cameroon and that for P. palmivora in Ivory coast
(Van der Vossen, 1997). Also, in separate studies
conducted in Trinidad and Ivory coast the same cacao
genotypes have been found resistant to P. palmivora
in both locations (Iwaro et al., 2000 and Tahi et
al., 2000). These findings suggest that resistance
to Phytophthora pod rot found in one country, such
as Trinidad, may be effective against a range of
pathogen isolates/species causing BP in other cocoa
growing countries.
Germplasm
enhancement for resistance to Black Pod disease
(A.D. Iwaro, V. Singh, S. Bharath and N. Jugmohan)
The germplasm enhancement
programme is facilitated by the information on host
( pathogen interactions, mechanisms of resistance,
genetics of resistance and clonal resistance to
Black Pod disease at the ICG,T (Iwaro, 1997; Iwaro
et al., 1997a, b, c; Iwaro et al., 1998, Surujdeo-Maharaj
et al., 2001). Since the commencement of this programme
in 1997, four rounds of pollinations have been conducted
using genotypes that combined resistance to BP and/or
WB with other useful agronomic traits. The main
objective of this programme is to accumulate resistance
genes in populations that can be exploited in national
cocoa breeding programmes. The strategy being adopted
is outlined below: * Selection of promising genotypes
that combine resistance to BP and/or WB with other
useful agronomic traits. * Establishment of bi-parental
crosses among the selected genotypes. * Application
of early screening tests for resistance to BP on
progeny seedlings. * Field planting and assessment
of selected promising seedlings for vigour, early
flowering and resistance to BP and WB. * Selection
of the most promising genotypes. * Commencement
of a second cycle or multiplication and transfer
of the promising genotypes/populations to an intermediate
quarantine station.
Sensory
evaluations of roasting temperature and fermentation
time effects on selected cacao (Theobroma cacao
L.) varieties ( D.A. Sukha, D. R. Butler
and C. Shripat)
The results from two
studies are presented here. In the first study,
the impact of two extremes of roasting temperature
(125ºC and 155ºC) was examined on a Trinitario "fine
or flavour" type, Imperial College Selection (ICS)
1 and Forastero "bulk" type West African (Ghana)
cocoa. This study re-examines the influence of roasting
temperature on the comparative sensory attributes
of Imperial College Selections (ICS) and West African
cocoas, since no consistent statistically significant
roasting temperature effects were found in the first
study in 1998.We now have a new oven, a cocoa breaker
and winnower and a heater on the mortar of the end
runner mill. This equipment allows more accurate
control of the roasting temperature and liquor processing
is more consistent, giving smoother liquors. The
experiment was therefore repeated with some modifications
based on new knowledge and equipment. A higher roasting
temperature was also introduced (155ºC instead of
145ºC). The second study was done in collaboration
with the Ministry of Agriculture, Land and Marine
Resources (MFPMR) and investigated the influence
of two fermentation times on the non-commercial
Trinidad Selected Hybrid (TSH) 973. the general
aims were to compare flavour profiles of TSH 973
fermented at 7 and 9 days and with reference to
ICS 1. ICS 1 is used as a Trinitario flavour reference
due to its high yield, its reputation of having
the classical Trinitario flavour profile and the
fact that it is also one of the base parents used
in the TSH breeding programme.
Return to TOP
An Assessment of the
Phenotypic Diversity of Cacao Germplasm in the Commonwealth
of Dominica (F. Bekele, M. James and
I. Bekele)
The main objective
of this study was to assess the phenotypic diversity
of cacao genetic resources in the Commonwealth of
Dominica. It involved the collation of morphological
characterisation data for cacao genotypes targeted
to represent the broad spectrum of phenotypic diversity
on actively cultivated and abandoned cacao estates
in Dominica. Particular attention was paid to material
other than the Trinitarios familiar to the investigators
such as the Imperial College and Grenada Selections
(ICS and GS populations, respectively).
As an adjunct to the main study, the recently introduced
hybrid material from Trinidad was observed, (but
not characterised) in order to identify superior
performers. The performance of this material is
of interest since Dominican farmers have complained
about the small pods and beans obtained from some
of the seedling trees.
Enlarging the Cacao Genepool Conserved at
the International Cocoa Genebank, Trinidad (ICG,T).
(V. Mooleedhar)
CRU is mandated
to enlarge its cacao germplasm collection, through
an active germplasm collection programme that targets
three sources of genetic variation:
1)Primary germplasm collection missions from the
centres of diversity in Central and South America.
2)Transfers from other cocoa research institutes/collections
3)Collection of early introductions of commercial
cacao germplasm into the Caribbean
Click
here to request a copy of this or any other annual
report article.
Verification
of Accessions in the ICG,T using Botanical Descriptors
and RAPD Analysis Y.
Christopher, V. Mooleedhar, F. Bekele, and F. Hosein
The verification process
established at CRU aims to authenticate the identity
of ICG,T accessions using morphological descriptors
cross-referenced by molecular markers.
Click
here to request a copy of this or any other annual
report article.
Return to TOP
A Study of the Morphological
Variation in a Relic Criollo Cacao Population from
Belize
(V. Mooleedhar)
The discovery of wild
Criollo cacao germplasm, in the Maya Mountains of
Belize, is of great importance to cacao conservation
and breeding. It also provided important ethno-botanical
information of historical and cultural significance.
Toxopeus (1996) made the following statement in
discussing the discovery of this material: "If
indeed they are Criollo, they are not just a welcome
addition to our present inadequate collections,
they will put Criollo firmly on the map, provided
they are adequately collected and described."
A cacao germplasm survey, carried out in Belize
in 1994, revealed that the major population groups,
viz. Criollo, Forastero and Trinitario, were represented
there. Based on the findings of this survey, two
further missions were conducted in the Toledo district
of Belize in 1996 and 1997. A primary objective
was to locate wild stands of Criollo cacao trees
and collect germplasm samples along with detailed
morphological data and genetic information on this
relic population.
The missions were conducted in conjunction with
The Maya Mountain Archaeological Project (MMAP),
based at the Cleveland State University. The MMAP
project was partially funded by the National Geographic
Society. Its objective was to conduct a biotic resource
study of ancient Mayan sites within the Maya Mountains.
CRU's cacao germplasm missions to Belize were supported
financially by the Biscuit Cake Chocolate Confectionery
Alliance (BCCCA) of the United Kingdom.
Morphological Characterisation
in the International Cocoa Genebank Trinidad- An
Investment for the Future (F. Bekele,
G. Bidaisee and O. Sounigo)
Reliable and useful
characterisation and evaluation data are necessary
for conserving and facilitating the utilisation
of cacao germplasm. This paper is an overview of
recent investigations at ICG,T based on morphological
characterisation data. It identifies superior accessions,
from among 314 from ICG,T, in terms of yield potential.
Twenty-eight accessions with relatively low pod
indices were identified, some of which display other
traits of economic interest at ICG,T and abroad.
The results of a comparison of the classification
patterns obtained using quantitative and qualitative
morphological descriptors are also presented. The
lack of correspondence between the distance matrices
obtained using the two kinds of morphological descriptors
suggests that the information provided by each is
distinct. The continued use of both types of descriptors
is therefore recommended.
Return to TOP
Comparison between Genetic
Diversity Data obtained from Morphological, Biochemical
and Molecular Studies (O. Sounigo, F.
Bekele, G. Bidaisee, Y. Christopher and R. Umaharan)
In this paper, data
from different types of studies, morphological,
biochemical (Isozyme Electrophoresis (I.E)) and
molecular (RAPD), were compared in terms of the
information provided on the genetic relationships
existing among individual accessions and populations.
There was poor correspondence between clustering
patterns obtained using the different techniques
for individual accessions and, to a lesser extent,
populations studied. The results were used to propose
a strategy for using the various techniques to characterize
and assess the genetic diversity of ICG,T.
Genetic Basis of Resistance
of cacao to Phytophthora (J-M. Thévenin
and L.A. Motilal)
This research is part
of the CAOBISCO project on Genome mapping and research
linked to resistance to Phytophthora, which commenced
in June 1995. Its objectives are as follows: (1)
to map the cacao genome and search for molecular
markers linked to Phytophthora resistance, and (2)
to accumulate alleles conferring resistance to Phytophthora
diseases.
Return to TOP
Conservation and Utilisation
of Cacao Germplasm in Breeding for Disease Resistance
(A. D. Iwaro and T.N. Sreenivasan)
It is expected that
by the end of this Project, a population will be
developed to combine genetic diversity with increased
resistance to Black Pod and Witches' Broom diseases.
This population will be made available to breeders
for evaluation locally for disease resistance and
agronomic characteristics of interest. This programme
caters for cocoa farmers currently confronted with
problems of Black Pod and Witches' Broom diseases.
Moreover, it will provide an important insurance
policy for those cocoa producers not presently affected
by Witches' Broom disease.
Return to TOP
Comparative Cocoa Liquor
Sensory Evaluation Studies (D.A. Sukha
and D.R. Butler)
Sensory evaluations
of cocoa liquor samples were carried out at the
Cocoa Research Unit, Trinidad with independent confirmation
by Cadbury Ltd. (Birmingham) and Nestlé Research
and Development Centre (York), United Kingdom. Effects
of genotype (clones) and processing technique (different
fermentation and drying treatments) on flavour were
assessed. Comparisons were possible since all three
taste panels used the same standardised method for
sensory evaluation. The results show that the use
of standardised methodologies in sample preparation
and liquor tasting allowed for in-depth comparisons
of results between the taste panels at the three
institutions. Collaboration between institutions
utilising similar methods of analysis for the assessment
of cocoa quality widens the information database
on flavour studies and provides confidence in obtaining
repeatable results.
Click
here to request a copy of this or any other annual
report article.
Return to TOP
1992
Development
of a machine for removing the mucilage from cocoa
beans (F. Bekele , P. Birju , D. Nancoo,
W. Maharaj, A. Richardson-Drakes, S. Ramnarine,
G. Seow, R. Waheed and C. Sankat)
A machine for the rapid
mechanical removal of mucilage surrounding cocoa
beans (seeds) was developed as manual removal is
very labour intensive and tedious. The method adopted
in the International Cocoa Genebank, Trinidad (ICG,T)
involves pretreating the beans with lime and mechanically
removing the mucilage with high pressure hydro-jets.
The results of these tests show the method and the
design to be very efficient for descriptor work.
However, it is necessary to do further investigations
of the factors which influence the quality and rate
of cleaning as well as germination success of the
treated beans, if the beans are being cleaned for
shipment.
TOP
Breeding system polymorphism
in cocoa (J. Warren and K. Kalai)
Self-compatible and
self-incompatible genotypes of cocoa were independently
introduced into Trinidad by early Spanish settlers.
The resulting plantation populations are polymorphic
for breeding system, a situation which is unknown
in natural cocoa populations. Since the abandonment
of many cocoa estates, natural selection has acted
on this breeding system polymorphism. In spite of
a theoretical advantage in favour of selfing, field
observations indicate that self-incompatibility
may have slightly increased in frequency within
a single generation. It is suggested that this may
have resulted from a greater reproductive fitness
of the self-incompatible morph. However, the selective
advantage in favour of outbreeding remains unclear.
Indeed the self-compatible morph was observed to
be reproductively more efficient, setting three
times as many pods while producing half as many
flowers as the self-incompatible morph. However,
this difference in pod production was no longer
apparent by the time the pods reached maturity.
Rodent resistance in
cocoa (D. Emamdie and J. Warren)
Squirrels were observed
to express a significant preference for ripe pods
rather than unripe pods of cocoa. Clonal variation
in attractiveness of unripe cocoa pods to squirrels
was found to be consistent over sites. However,
in pods that were attacked, the extent of damage
caused was found to be independent of pod type in
terms of both ripeness and accession. Among cocoa
types whose unripe pods were eaten by squirrels,
food preference was observed to be related both
to the taste of the pod husk and its physical characteristics.
Using human taste criteria, the uneaten variety
IMC 6 was described as being like a 'preferred type'
in that it was, hard, low in mucilage and contained
no unpleasant taste. An epidermal extract of this
uneaten accession was found to deter herbivore damage.
An evolutionary argument is proposed which suggests
that grazing deterrents may be present in unripe
cocoa pods, but not ripe ones. It is further argued
that grazing deterrents like that found in IMC 6
may be exploited by cocoa breeders in developing
rodent resistant clones.
An alternative
descriptor to apical angle (F. Bekele,
A. Richardson-Drakes, S. Ramnarine, G. Seow and
R. Waheed)
The apical angle of
the leaf (AA) is routinely measured in the course
of morphological characterization in the International
Cocoa Genebank, Trinidad (ICG,T). The method used
for recording this character is depicted in the
IBPGR descriptor list for cocoa (AGP: IBPGR/80/56).
However, there is some subjectivity involved in
determining the point of insertion of the drip tip
and thus an alternative descriptor is being sought.
Return to TOP
Hybridization
studies from crosses between Theobroma cacao
and Herrania sp. -- R. Doodnath
(Postgraduate research supervised by P. Umaharan
and J.M. Warren)
Studies were initiated
to standardize the protocol for rescuing embryos
produced from Theobroma cacao x Herrania sp. crosses.
Initially, experiments were conducted to obtain
a suitable medium for the rescue of immature embryos
from T. cacao x Herrania sp. crosses. Embryos rescued
at different stages of pod development, ranging
from 100 day-old pods to 180 day-old pods, were
cultured.
Media based on the modifications of either the MS
medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) or that of the
basal medium (BM) suggested by Lanaud (1986), were
tested. These media were supplemented with varying
types and levels of auxins and cytokinins, viz.
IAA, IBA, NAA, Kinetin, 2,4-D, GA3 and BAP.
In a separate experiment, various explant types,
whole hybrid embryos and excised hybrid embryo axes,
were tested for their ability to produce plantlets.
The results indicate that the most successful medium
for shoot induction was BM, supplemented with 0.25mg/L
BAP. In addition, it was observed that the age of
the axis influenced the ability to yield a shoot.
Generally, the older axes produced shoots more readily
than 100 day-old axes. In most cases these were
much too small and difficult to distinguish from
the still jelly-like endosperm. In comparison, at
100 days old, T. cacao x T. cacao embryos were well
developed and germinated easily.
In experiments done to investigate the suitability
of whole embryos as against excised embryo axes
from T. cacao x Herrania sp. crosses for use as
explant material, it was observed that axes were
prevented from germinating if the cotyledons were
left intact. This was in direct contrast to the
results obtained from T. cacao x T. cacao crosses,
where germination of intact whole embryos was superior
to that of the excised embryo axes.
A Comparison
Of Methods Of Fungicide Applications For The Control
Of Black Pod Disease Of Cocoa (T.N.
Sreenivasan and D. Z. Ali)
A two year field trial
was conducted to evaluate fungicide application
methods that are presently available for the control
of black pod disease caused by the fungus P. palmivora.
The methods compared were the Conventional spray
(CS), Single application (SA), Collar (CM) and the
Phosphorous acid injection (PAIM). Three fungicides,
Bordeaux mixture, Cupravit blue and Copper Sandoz
were also evaluated for their effectiveness in the
reduction of black pod disease. The rates of active
ingredient tested were 2g/application for the conventional
spray, 16g for the single application, and 3g, 5g
and 7g for the collar method. During the first year
trial the single application resulted in better
control of black pod disease when compared to the
conventional spray and collar method. Bordeaux mixture
gave significant control in the reduction of black
pod disease as compared to the two other fungicides.
During the second year trial there was no significant
difference between the CS, SA and PAIM in the control
of black pod disease. All three fungicides were
found to be equal in their effectiveness in the
reduction of black pod disease. However, Cupravit
blue was slightly better than the two other formulations
tested when sprayed six times at two week intervals.
Biochemical
basis for symptom expression in witches' broom diseased
cocoa seedlings -- L. A. Motilal (Postgraduate
research supervised by T.N. Sreenivasan and G. Sirju-Charran)
The non-abscission
of cotyledons as a disease symptom, in witches'
broom infected seedlings, is indicated by Bartley
(1958), and other workers. This phenomenon of cotyledonary
non-abscission, is atypical of healthy seedlings.
Studies were therefore conducted in order to ascertain
the biochemical basis of this symptom expression.
The investigations performed so far will provide
the framework for subsequent experiments. The results
obtained so far are briefly outlined below:-
Cotyledonary non-abscission was convincingly demonstrated
as a disease symptom in West African Amelonado seedlings.
The time taken, from seed germination, for the cotyledons
to abscise in healthy West African Amelonado seedlings
was determined. Abscission began as early as 32
days, and could take, as many as 61 days, from seed
germination.
Morphological and anatomical studies were conducted
on healthy plants. These included:-
(a) gross changes in cotyledonary appearance and
abscission behavior of the cotyledons
(b) anatomical events prior to, during, and after
the abscission process
(c) determination of the presence, or absence, of
an abscission zone at the cotyledonary stalk/stem
junction and
(d) lignin deposition at the cotyledonary node.
It was found that an abscission layer (separation
layer) rather than an abscission zone was present.
Development of this separation layer could be observed
as early as 28 days before abscission. However,
the separation layer was only present in apparently
senescing cotyledonary stalks. Furthermore, cells
within, and distal to the separation layer had their
cell walls stained sharply by phloroglucinol-HCl.
In spite of this, lignin was not involved in the
abscission process, nor were the xylem elements
of the cotyledonary trace lignified. Separation
began on the adaxial surface of the stalk and proceeded
to the abaxial surface at the same time separation
also occurred from one edge of the stalk and proceeded
to the other side. Abscission was probably due to
the hydrolysis of cell walls and activities within
the middle lamellae. The spiral bands of the xylem
vessels, proximal to the separation layer, were
inconsistently stretched during the abscission process
being particularly evident soon after abscission.
A protective layer was not present immediately after
abscission but instead developed within 24 hours.
The abscission scar was D-shaped or lens-like, rather
smooth in appearance and contained three, linearly
arranged, remnant stubs of the vascular bundles.
The non-abscission of cotyledons in diseased seedlings
was not due to a translocable factor. Symptom expression
at the cotyledonary node must be present in order
to prevent abscission from occurring. It seems that
infection, at this node, must occur prior to the
abscission process.
Preliminary studies into enzyme production by the
fungus were conducted. C. perniciosa was isolated
from green brooms obtained from ICS61 trees. Plate
tests demonstrated that peroxidase, polyphenoloxidase
and a-amylase could be produced. The fungus was
capable of growing on a medium containing ferulic
acid but did not exhibit growth, after four days,
on a medium containing tributyric acid. The latter
indicated the absence of lipase activity.
A hormonal imbalance in diseased seedlings was investigated
by comparing the gravitropic responses of healthy
and infected seedlings. Similar results were obtained,
in both cases, 15 and 19 days after inoculation
of West African Amelonado seedlings. These results
remain to be confirmed by investigating the gravitropic
response shortly after inoculation.
Finally, cotyledonary fresh and dry weight was followed
as a function of time, in normal and inoculated
M 8 seedlings. Inoculation was performed on four
day old germinated beans. Differing rates of both
fresh and dry weights were obtained.
Return to TOP
Studies on seed
transmission of witches' broom disease of cocoa:
sterilization of infected beans and evaluation of
resistance (M. Ducamp and T.N. Sreenivasan)
This study is a cooperative
project between the Cocoa Research Unit and the
CIRAD (France).
The main aim of the study was to find a method of
disinfection of witches' broom infected seeds to
prevent the inadvertent introduction of witches'
broom disease from donor countries to recipient
nations through importation of cocoa seeds for augmenting
the genetic base of cocoa. Aspects of resistance
of seeds inoculated with Crinipellis perniciosa
were also studied to establish a possible classification
of the ICS cultivars with reference to their reaction
to C. perniciosa. The symptom expression due to
witches' broom infection was examined to select
the symptom types for devising a classification
system. The symptoms studied were non-abscission
of cotyledons, swelling of hypocotyls, proliferation
of cotyledonary buds, necrosis levels and death.
The final objective is to link the resistance classification
of infected test plants to symptom expression of
mature field trees viz. disease symptoms on branches,
on flower cushions, and on pods.
Studies on the
role of resting spores in the biology of Crinipellis
perniciosa (Stahel) Singer -- R. Baboe
(Postgraduate research supervised by T.N. Sreenivasan
and E.J. Duncan)
Studies have suggested
the presence of what can be called resting spores,
produced in the transitional period between the
change from healthy to necrotic host tissue. The
method of formation of such spores and the role
in the life history of the fungus are being investigated.
In addition, attempts to induce basidiocarp production
in sterile culture are being made.
The biology,
ecology and control of the termite Neotermes
sp. infesting cocoa in Grenada -- C.
Williams (Postgraduate research supervised by
G.V. Pollard, T.N. Sreenivasan and K. Buckmire)
Termite colonies were
collected from infested cocoa trees and placed in
specially built cages (termitariams) to check whether
they would be able to survive under artificial conditions
and complete their life cycle normally. They were
observed to survive for prolonged periods under
the conditions inside the termitarium and completed
their life cycle as evidenced by the formation of
winged adult forms.
A survey was commenced to ascertain the distribution
and abundance of termites in Grenada. Special attention
was made to determine whether the termite is an
islandwide problem or if certain local environmental
niches exist which determine its distribution.
The results of this survey so far have shown that
the distribution of the termite is widespread and
that there is no relationship between infested trees
and plot size. Colonies of termites were observed
at various heights on trees on both trunks and main
branches. Infestation was observed in fields which
were subjected to the entire range of management
practices. Also 90 % of infested trees were over
15 years of age. Even though no alternate host plants
were detected in this study, there are reports from
Grenada of termite infestation on Sapodilla and
Guava.
Three types of individuals were observed in termite
nests viz. soldiers, two reproductive forms, and
larvae at various developmental stages. Eggs were
also seen in the nests. Some of the observed nests
were without any soldiers and others with large
number of alates. Nest size was also observed to
be variable. Determination of the stages of larval
forms was not carried out due to absence of information
on the lifecycle of this insect. This aspect of
the study is currently receiving attention.
Samples of various developmental stages of the termite
were collected, preserved, and shipped to the University
of Florida, Gainesville, for the identification
of the species. These have now being identified
as Neotermes castanaeus.
Histopathological
and biochemical studies of Phytophthora stem
canker on cocoa -- E.N. Okey (Postgraduate
research supervised by T.N. Sreenivasan E.J. Duncan
and G. Sirju-Charran)
Cocoa canker, a stem
infection caused by Phytophthora palmivora, is characterized
by dark brown discolourations of the bark tissues.
Its relationship to black pod had long been established
by the fact that the two diseases are caused by
the same pathogen. Efforts to control the black
pod disease have not been quite successful, probably,
in part, due to inadequate attention given to the
stem phase. This study is therefore aimed at investigating
the host-pathogen interaction of cocoa stem canker.
In order to assess the current status of this disease
in Trinidad, a field survey was conducted in the
months of March, June and September, 1992. The results
indicated a canker incidence ranging from 51 % to
70 % depending on the time of survey. They also
revealed IMC 67 as a less susceptible clone compared
to the other five clones (ICS 1, P 18, SCA 6, TSH
1076 and TSH 1188).
An assessment of canker resistance of six clones
was made both in the field and greenhouse. Inoculations
were done with zoospore suspensions (3x105/ml) of
the pathogen. Harvesting was done at two week intervals
for a period of 12 weeks. IMC 67 had the smallest
lesion size while TSH 1076 recorded the largest
by 12 weeks. These results indicate a significant
difference (P,0.05) in lesion size between the clones.
Studies were done on bark characteristics, such
as thickness, hardness, and moisture content. IMC
67 had the hardest bark with lowest moisture content
(54 %) while TSH 1076 recorded the softest bark
with highest moisture content of 71 %. These results
were significant (P,0.05). However, there was no
significant difference in bark thickness between
the clones.
Investigations on wound-healing process in stems
of six test clones indicated fastest wound-healing
in IMC 67 compared to that in the other five clones.
There may be a possible relationship between wound-healing
and disease susceptibility/resistance.
Currently, investigations on the colonization of
the host tissues by the pathogen are being carried
out. Having established clonal differences in terms
of reaction to canker, future research is geared
towards biochemical aspects.
Indicators Of
Foliar Resistance To Phytophthora palmivora
In Cocoa -- D.A. Iwaro (Postgraduate
research supervised by J. Warren, P. Umaharan and
T.N. Sreenivasan)
This study investigates
some anatomical and morphological characteristics
of cocoa leaf and their relationship with foliar
resistance to Phytophthora palmivora.
Three experiments were performed with the objective
of identifying anatomical and morphological differences
associated with resistance to penetration and spread
of P. palmivora. The experiments were carried
out on detached newly expanded green leaves. Stomatal
frequency and pore length were assessed based on
stomatal impressions examined with a microscope.
The cuticle thickness on both surfaces of the leaf
was assessed using hand sections of fresh leaves
while surface wax was determined gravimetrically
after extraction in chloroform.
In assessing the relationship between the characters
examined and resistance, leaves of 12 clones (Catongo,
ICS 1, 6, 8, 40, 95, IMC 67, MXC 67, PA 30, SCA
6, 12, and SPEC 138-8) were inoculated with a zoospore
suspension of P. palmivora and the number
of necrotic lesions formed was correlated against
surface wax, stomatal frequency, stomatal size and
cuticle thickness. The analysis of variance showed
a significant difference between clones in respect
of all the anatomical and morphological characters
examined with the exception of the cuticle thickness
at the abaxial surface. Stomatal density and pore
length appear more related to resistance than other
characters examined, with a correlation coefficient
of 0.44 and 0.51 respectively. However, the joint
effect of the cuticle thickness, stomatal density
and pore length showed a stronger positive correlation
(0.82) with resistance at the abaxial surface. In
contrast, leaf surface wax showed a poor relationship
(r=0.23) with resistance.
In a subsequent experiment the spread of necrotic
lesion within the leaves of the 12 clones was assessed
and correlated against number of lesions. The poor
correlation (r=0.39) between the above two suggest
different mechanisms.
Further investigations are in progress on the biochemical
aspect of leaf resistance.
Detailed information on the relationship between
leaf and pod in respect to the anatomical, morphological,
biochemical characters and their level(s) of resistance
may be helpful in solving the long standing problem
of assessing clonal resistance to P. palmivora.
Also, selection criteria based on highly heritable
leaf characteristics may be useful in assessing
materials at the seedling stage.
Characteristics
for high irradiance tolerance in cocoa (Theobroma
cacao L.) -- I.K.A. Galyuon (Postgraduate
research supervised by F.B. Lopez, C.R. Mc
David and J.A. Spence)
Growth of young cocoa
plants is generally poor under full sunlight, and
even though shade management is expensive, very
little has been done to improve the need for shade
management reduced for cultivars with improved tolerance
to high irradiance. At maturity, such cultivars
may also give improved yields under unshaded conditions.
This study investigates the morphological and physiological
adaptations in full sunlight and the importance
of readily observable morphological characteristics
to high irradiance tolerance. Such information will
be useful in the development of rapid screening
procedure for high irradiance tolerance in cocoa.
Seedlings of Trinidad Selected Hybrids (TSH), which
have been selected for fast growth and high yields,
were employed including, TSH 1076 x ICS 1, TSH 1188
x 919, TSH 1103 x 919, TSH 1104 x 1095, TSH 1220
x 1104. Seedlings of Amelonado, a relatively less
improved cultivar, were also included for comparison.
Eight-month-old seedlings in 4-litre plastic pots
were exposed to 50% or 100% full sunlight.
Photosynthesis measured at 300µmol m-2s-1
(PAR) was significantly increased for plants in
full sunlight with not much differences observed
between cultivars. Plants grown under 50% sunlight
were taller, retained more leaves, had longer internodes
and larger leaves than those under 100% sunlight.
The reduction in the number of leaves retained with
increased irradiance was least for TSH 1104 x 1095
and TSH 1220 x 1104, and the greatest for TSH 1076
x ICS 1 and TSH 1188 x 919. Leaf production apparently
increased at the higher irradiance level suggesting
that reduced leaf number was due to higher abscission
in 100% sunlight. Leaf thickness was significantly
increased in full sunlight and light by cultivar
interactions were also significant. Leaf thickness
was highest in TSH 1188 x 919 and TSH 1220 x 1104
and thinnest for Amelonado seedlings in full sunlight,
whilst under 50% sunlight leaves of Amelonado were
among the thickest and those of TSH 1188 x 919 seedlings
were the thinnest. Seedlings of TSH 1188 x 919 and
TSH 1103 x 919 had the highest increases in height
in both light regimes after two months. The increase
in height was smallest for TSH 1220 x 1104 under
50% sunlight, with minimal change under increased
irradiance. In another trial, open pollinated TSH
1076 seedlings were grown under 50% sunlight and
the shoots later exposed and allowed to grow in
full sunlight when they were 70cm tall. Differences
in photosynthesis and dry matter accumulation observed
among these seedlings were apparently related to
leaf flush size and initial colour. Thus both photosynthesis
and leaf retention characteristics may affect the
tolerance of cocoa to high irradiance.
Wind tolerance
in cocoa -- A. Richardson-Drakes (Postgraduate
research supervised by F.B. Lopez, C.R. McDavid
and J.A. Spence)
Wind is an important
environmental factor in the establishment of cocoa
seedlings. Cocoa is traditionally grown under shade
and protected by wind breaks, however, increased
yield can be obtained by shade removal.
The orchard-type system proposed by V. Mooleedhar
(see Cocoa Research Unit Report, 1991 p.68) for
cocoa plantations will reduce or eliminate the need
for shade trees resulting in maximum production
levels. Under such exposed conditions, plants will
be subjected to greater wind and water stress and
high irradiance levels. Accessions which show tolerance
to each of these factors will be required for further
work by the breeders. Previous work done in Brazil
has shown that the effects of wind under exposed
conditions are greater than the effects of water
stress and high irradiance.
This study proposes to investigate the effects of
varying wind speeds on cocoa plants to determine
the extent of damage. Plant characteristics which
help reduce the effects of wind damage such as leaf
shape, petiole length, pulvinus size and strength
of the pulvinus will be examined. The effects on
transpiration rate, leaf temperature and water potential
will also be studied to indicate possible beneficial
physiological responses.
Once certain characteristics have been identified
as being indicative of a plant's ability to withstand
high winds, these can be used by the breeder to
engineer the "ideal" type of plant for
the orchard-type system.
The comparative
effects of varying shade and moisture regimes on
transplanted cocoa seedlings (var. amelonado)
-- M. Sherman (Postgraduate research supervised
by L.B. Roberts-Nkrumah, J.A. Spence and F. Gumbs)
This study was aimed
at investigating the comparative effects of varying
shade, moisture and transplanting techniques on
the establishability and subsequent growth of amelonado
cocoa seedlings. Photosynthetic rates, leaf water
potentials and stomatal resistance of the plants
receiving these treatments were also simultaneously
investigated.
The establishment and early growth of seedlings
in the field in the most critical stage in the life
of a cocoa plant as well as the most expensive for
the farmer (Lass and Wood, 1985). At this stage
a cocoa farm can be made or ruined. The aim is to
provide and maintain conditions which are as nearly
ideal as practical. Because the natural habitat
of cocoa is the lower storey of the rain forest,
the most prominent agronomic constraint is the loss
of the forest trees and other forms of shade. Newly
transplanted and younger trees tend to suffer more
in countries where prolonged dry spells are further
intensified by the loss of the tropical rain forest.
Seedling transportation and transplanting is a problem
for small-scale farmers, who make up the larger
percentage of cocoa producers. Even when nurseries
are as close to the field as possible, the weight
of polytene bags containing soil and seedling increases
the labour requirement, planting time and cost.
Shade, moisture and transplanting effects have been
studied in varying degrees in crop plants, including
cocoa (Alvim, 1959; Sale, 1969; Oyebade, 1970; Bonaparte
and Mensah, 1975; Freeman, 1965; Esan, 1981; Alvim
et al., 1982 and Balasimha et al., 1988) but very
little work is reported on the comparative effects
of these on growth and development of cocoa just
after transplanting.
This study is aimed at determining the extent to
which these combined factors can affect the establishment
and growth of cocoa.
Leaf morphology
and drought tolerance in cocoa -- Anna
Antwi (Postgraduate research
supervised by F.B. Lopez, C.R. Mc David and J. Spence)
Cocoa is very sensitive
to moisture deficit and cultivars with improved
tolerance to drought are required for enhanced establishment
and yield stability. The present study seeks to
investigate the physiological and structural bases
of drought tolerance in cocoa, so as to hasten the
development of cultivars suitable for drought prone
areas.
An experiment was conducted using Trinidad Selected
Hybrids (TSH), some cultivars of which show vigorous
growth and high yields in Trinidad where the dry
season can extend for about five months. Clones
of five TSH cultivars (730, 919, 1076, 1188 and
1220) with varying leaf morphological characteristics
were established in 13-litre buckets under greenhouse
conditions with regular watering. Plants were eleven
months old at the start of the experiment. Plants
of all five cultivars were left unwatered until
all leaves were either lost or desiccated and discoloured.
Visual scoring was done every other day to indicate
the degree of desiccation for each cultivar, and
physiological and growth measurements were made
during and following the dry period. Leaf diffusive
resistance and water status measurements were made
at 2- day intervals, while growth and other parameters
were determined at two-week or monthly intervals.
On the whole, TSH 919 was most drought tolerant
in terms of survival, followed by TSH 1220 and the
most susceptible was TSH 730. TSH 919 had a lower
leaf diffusive resistance than TSH 730 for the entire
drying period. Water potential and relative water
content were both higher in TSH 919 than in TSH
730 during this time. TSH cultivars 919, 1076 and
1220 shed their leaves in response to drought and
were able to regenerate on rewatering. For TSH 730
and TSH 1188, leaves were retained and became desiccated
on the plant and there was no recovery on rewatering.
For plants that showed regrowth, there was no increase
in height (due to death of the terminal bud) but
stem girth increase during recovery. At the start
of the experiment TSH 919 and TSH 730 had similar
leaf length/width ratios, while TSH 730 had thicker
leaves of slightly greater area per leaf, and shorter
but thicker petioles. The initial leaf flush colour
was green for TSH 919, slight oil green for TSH
1220, greenish brown for TSH 730 and reddish brown
for the other cultivars. TSH 919 had a multiplicity
of structural adjustments in response to drought
including leaf folding and changes in root morphology.
Although the TSH cultivars are considered to have
a limited genetic base, large variations in the
drought responses have been demonstrated in this
study.
The effect of
Paclobutrazol on the growth and development of seedlings
(V. Mooleedhar and T. J. Peters)
The aim of this project
was to investigate the effect of the growth retardant,
Paclobutrazol, on the growth and development of
newly germinated cocoa seedlings. Using a factorial
design, three levels of Paclobutrazol (50 mg, 100
mg, 200 mg) were applied by three different methods,
that is, soil application, stem application and
whole plant application. Measurements were made
on plant height, internode length, stem diameter,
leaf number and leaf area.
The results indicated
that PP 333 had a significant effect on both plant
height and internode length at all concentrations
when applied to the soil. These effects are, however,
only demonstrated at the highest concentration for
whole plant application. In those treatments where
internode length was significantly reduced, young
plants produced abundant floral buds.
Genetic diversity
and the conservation of germplasm in Theobroma
cacao L. (Y. Christopher, F. Hosein,
E.Johnson, J. Warren)
Isozyme polymorphism
in four enzyme systems was used to estimate the
genetic diversity in nine populations of Theobroma
cacao. The distribution of allelic variation observed
in this study was inconsistent with the currently
held view that the Upper Amazon region of Peru is
the centre of cocoa genetic diversity. All the populations
analysed from this area of Peru were genetically
similar, and contained low levels of isozyme polymorphism.
It is argued that this is a result of genuinely
low diversity in the region rather than a sampling
artifact. If a centre of diversity of wild cocoa
truly exists, it probably lies further north in
Ecuador and Colombia. Trinitario cocoa populations
derived from cultivation are currently accorded
low priority for conservation, as they are considered
to contain low diversity. This view now seems to
be wrong and it is suggested that the present strategy
for the conservation of cocoa germplasm, which accords
priority to the Upper Amazon region of Peru while
neglecting the Caribbean, should be reconsidered.
TOP
2001
Morphological
Variation in a sample of germplasm from the International
Cocoa Genebank, Trinidad (F.
Bekele, G. Bidaisee and W. Mollineau)
ICG,
T | Research Directory | Links
Cocoa
Research Unit
Sir
Frank Stockdale Building
The University of the West Indies
St. Augustine
Trinidad and Tobago
|
Email
Phone/Fax:
1-868-662-8788
Webmaster |
|
